{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:11:04Z","timestamp":1790471464594,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease, and adhesion of the pathogen<jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>to the host vaginal cells is the first step in establishing infection. For this to happen, the pathogen has to overcome a natural protective barrier composed mostly of lactobacilli. The objective of this study was to understand the role of lactobacilli in the adhesion of<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>to host cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adhesion assays were carried out by incubating vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) with<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>and lactobacilli together and compared with non-lactobacilli recipient controls. By varying incubation parameters and testing several microbial isolates, the number of pathogens that adhered to the VECs was determined by flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, but with few exceptions, lactobacilli caused inhibition of<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>adhesion to a variable degree.<jats:italic>Lactobacillus gasseri<\/jats:italic>ATCC 9857 and CBI3 (ambiguous<jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>Lactobacillus pentosus<\/jats:italic>) caused the highest level of parasite adhesion inhibition and enhancement, respectively. These isolates of<jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>can profoundly alter the adhesive properties of low-adherent and high-adherent strains of<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the effects of lactobacilli on<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>adhesion are strictly contact-dependent, and surface lipoglycans of<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>are most likely not involved in this modulation of adhesion mediated by the bacteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lactobacilli can modulate adhesion of<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>by significantly modifying the natural adhesive properties of various<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>strains. This study highlights the importance of considering the role of the vaginal microbiota in the pathogenesis of trichomoniasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]],"date-time":"2013-05-30T00:26:13Z","timestamp":1369873573000},"page":"455-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["The adherence of<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>to host ectocervical cells is influenced by lactobacilli"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Niha","family":"Phukan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Parsamand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna E S","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan N M","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Simoes-Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.1","unstructured":"WHO. Prevalence and incidence of selected sexually transmitted infections.Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, syphilis and Trichomonas vaginalis. Methods and results used by WHO to generate 2005 estimates. Geneva: WHO, 2005."},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.300","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"11","author":"Petrin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.5.856"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2007.12"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182631c79"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.36"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.11.1951-1958.2005"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.280578"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2012.10.011"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-23-1-197"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01190.x"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.13","first-page":"161","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis: current understanding of host-parasite interactions","volume-title":"Essays Biochem","volume":"51","author":"Ryan","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2001.00126.x"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.020"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132894"},{"key":"2024051410093108000_89.6.455.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M000022-MCP201"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T17:11:07Z","timestamp":1715706667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]]}}}