{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:29:44Z","timestamp":1762079384551},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To better understand the epidemiology of<jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>infection, we investigated the association between<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>and demographic, clinical, microbiological and behavioural characteristics of patients presenting with genital discharges to a primary healthcare clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>During six annual surveys (2007\u20132012), 1218 cases of male urethral discharge syndrome and 1232 cases of vaginal discharge syndrome were consecutively recruited. Diagnostic methods included nucleic acid amplification (<jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Mycoplasma genitalium)<\/jats:italic>, microscopy (bacterial vaginosis and<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>) and serology (<jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and HIV). Logistic regression analyses and \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>tests were used to identify predictors of<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>decreased from 2007 to 2012 (men from 13.4% to 4.8%; women from 33.8 to 23.1%). Overall, 74 (6.1%) men and 291 (23.6%) women were<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>positive, with the highest prevalence in those aged \u226540\u2005years (men 13.6%; women 30.9%).<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>infection occurred more often in pregnant women (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.67; 95% CI 1.29 to 5.54) and in women with serological evidence of<jats:italic>T pallidum<\/jats:italic>(aOR 1.63; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.45) or HSV-2 infections (aOR 1.75; 95% CI 1.16 to 2.64).<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>infection occurred less often in men with coexistent gonorrhoea (aOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.57) and in women with either bacterial vaginosis (aOR 0.60; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.82) or<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>morphotypes (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.86).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the prevalence of<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>infection has decreased over time, it remains an important cause of genital discharge in South Africa, particularly in older patients and pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,21]],"date-time":"2013-04-21T00:21:10Z","timestamp":1366503670000},"page":"523-527","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Trends and associations of<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>infection in men and women with genital discharge syndromes in Johannesburg, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"David A","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frans","family":"Radebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Venessa","family":"Maseko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gwenda","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051410093717000_89.6.523.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.013904"},{"key":"2024051410093717000_89.6.523.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181d877b7"},{"key":"2024051410093717000_89.6.523.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.794-803.2004"},{"key":"2024051410093717000_89.6.523.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-08"},{"key":"2024051410093717000_89.6.523.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199107000-00002","article-title":"Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in men at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"18","author":"Saxena","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2024051410093717000_89.6.523.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1071\/SH07098","article-title":"Co-occurrence of intoxication during sex and sexually transmissible infections among young African American women: does partner intoxication matter?","volume":"5","author":"Crosby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2024051410093717000_89.6.523.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199707000-00008"},{"key":"2024051410093717000_89.6.523.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511278"},{"key":"2024051410093717000_89.6.523.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200306000-00009"},{"key":"2024051410093717000_89.6.523.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.07.069","article-title":"The effects of male circumcision on female partners\u2019 genital tract symptoms and vaginal infections in a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"200","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T17:11:17Z","timestamp":1715706677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,20]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,20]]}}}