{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:12:39Z","timestamp":1791843159189,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Complex interactions of vaginal microorganisms with the genital tract epithelium shape mucosal innate immunity, which holds the key to sexual and reproductive health. Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a microbiome-disturbance syndrome prevalent in reproductive-age women, occurs commonly in concert with trichomoniasis, and both are associated with increased risk of adverse reproductive outcomes and viral infections, largely attributable to inflammation. To investigate the causative relationships among inflammation, BV and trichomoniasis, we established a model of human cervicovaginal epithelial cells colonised by vaginal\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, dominant in healthy women, and common BV species (\n                      <jats:italic>Atopobium vaginae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella bivia)<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Colonised epithelia were infected with\n                      <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (TV) or exposed to purified TV virulence factors (membrane lipophosphoglycan (LPG), its ceramide-phosphoinositol-glycan core (CPI-GC) or the endosymbiont Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV)), followed by assessment of bacterial colony-forming units, the mucosal anti-inflammatory microbicide secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), and chemokines that drive pro-inflammatory, antigen-presenting and T cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TV reduced colonisation by\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      but not by BV species, which were found inside epithelial cells. TV increased interleukin (IL)-8 and suppressed SLPI, likely via LPG\/CPI-GC, and upregulated IL-8 and RANTES, likely via TVV as suggested by use of purified pathogenic determinants. BV species\n                      <jats:italic>A vaginae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>G vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      induced IL-8 and RANTES, and also amplified the pro-inflammatory responses to both LPG\/CPI-GC and TVV, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>P bivia<\/jats:italic>\n                      suppressed the TV\/TVV-induced chemokines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These molecular host\u2013parasite\u2013endosymbiont\u2013bacteria interactions explain epidemiological associations and suggest a revised paradigm for restoring vaginal immunity and preventing BV\/TV-attributable inflammatory sequelae in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:42:42Z","timestamp":1375317762000},"page":"460-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["The Villain Team-Up or how\n                    <i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>\n                    and bacterial vaginosis alter innate immunity in concert"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Raina N","family":"Fichorova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia R","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidemi S","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titilayo","family":"Fashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan 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Clinical evidence for the role of Trichomonas vaginalis in regulation of the secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in the female genital tract J Infect Dis 2013;207:1462\u201370.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit039"},{"key":"2024051410094982000_89.6.460.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81880-2"},{"key":"2024051410094982000_89.6.460.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31824876ca"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T13:11:33Z","timestamp":1715692293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,31]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,31]]}}}