{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:21:41Z","timestamp":1765959701327},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently developed genotyping tools allow better understanding of<jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>population genetics and epidemiology. These tools have yet to be applied to<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>collected from HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>populations, where understanding the interaction between the pathogens is of great importance due to the correlation between<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>infection and HIV transmission. The objectives of the study were twofold: first, to compare the genetic diversity and population structure of<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>collected from HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>women with parasites from reference populations; second, to use the genetic markers to perform a case study demonstrating the usefulness of these techniques in investigating the mechanisms of repeat infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repository<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>samples from a previously described treatment trial were genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci. Estimates of genetic diversity and population structure were determined using standard techniques and compared with previously reported estimates of global populations. Genotyping data were used in conjunction with behavioural data to evaluate mechanisms of repeat infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>from HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>women maintain many of the population genetic characteristics of parasites from global reference populations. Although there is evidence of reduced diversity and bias towards type 1 parasites in the HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>population, the populations share a two-type population structure and parasite haplotypes. Genotyping\/behavioural data suggest that 36% (12\/33) of repeat infections in HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>women can be attributed to treatment failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>infecting HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>women is not genetically distinct from<jats:italic>T vaginalis<\/jats:italic>infecting reference populations. Information from genotyping can be valuable for understanding mechanisms of repeat infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,22]],"date-time":"2013-05-22T03:34:37Z","timestamp":1369193677000},"page":"473-478","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Genetic diversity of<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>reinfection in HIV-positive women"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Melissa D","family":"Conrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Kissinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norine","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David H","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane M","family":"Carlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Prevalence and incidence of selected sexually transmitted infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, syphilis and Trichomonas vaginalis: methods and results used by WHO to generate 2005 estimates. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press, 2011. http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/rtis\/9789241502450\/en\/index.html (accessed 1 Aug 2011)."},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511278"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003303421303"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181cfcc4b"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir747"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340264"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000086609.95617.8D","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis among HIV-Infected women: are immune status or protease inhibitor use associated with subsequent T. vaginalis positivity?","volume":"30","author":"Magnus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200005000-00009","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of reinfection with Trichomonas vaginalis in HIV-infected women","volume":"27","author":"Niccolai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/529149"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498217"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000204511.84485.4c"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.5.360"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009739","article-title":"Application of computer-assisted interviews to sexual behavior research","volume":"149","author":"Kissinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.020776"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.08.006","article-title":"Microsatellite polymorphism in the sexually transmitted human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis indicates a genetically diverse parasite","volume":"175","author":"Conrad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00643-12"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001573"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.05.005"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181eda955"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182631c79"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin DH Zozaya M Lillis RA . Unique vaginal microbiota which include an unknown Mycoplasma-like organism are associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. J Infect Dis Published Online First: 4 Apr 2013. doi:10.1093\/infdis\/jit100","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit100"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0010070"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data","volume":"155","author":"Pritchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200306000-00009"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319287"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)93005-8"},{"key":"2024051410095656000_89.6.473.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70241-9"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051053","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T17:11:37Z","timestamp":1715706697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]]}}}