{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T11:12:42Z","timestamp":1772104362244,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Culture is insensitive for the detection of pharyngeal gonorrhoea but isolation is pivotal to antimicrobial resistance surveillance. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether recommendations provided to clinicians (doctors and nurses) on pharyngeal swabbing technique could improve gonorrhoea detection rates and to determine which aspects of swabbing technique are important for optimal isolation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was undertaken at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Australia. Detection rates among clinicians for pharyngeal gonorrhoea were compared before (June 2006\u2013May 2009) and after (June 2009\u2013June 2012) recommendations on swabbing technique were provided. Associations between detection rates and reported swabbing technique obtained via a clinician questionnaire were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall yield from testing before and after provision of the recommendations among 28 clinicians was 1.6% (134\/8586) and 1.8% (264\/15\u2005046) respectively (p=0.17). Significantly higher detection rates were seen following the recommendations among clinicians who reported a change in their swabbing technique in response to the recommendations (2.1% vs 1.5%; p=0.004), swabbing a larger surface area (2.0% vs 1.5%; p=0.02), applying more swab pressure (2.5% vs 1.5%; p&lt;0.001) and a change in the anatomical sites they swabbed (2.2% vs 1.5%; p=0.002). The predominant change in sites swabbed was an increase in swabbing of the oropharynx: from a median of 0% to 80% of the time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>More thorough swabbing improves the isolation of pharyngeal gonorrhoea using culture. Clinicians should receive training to ensure swabbing is performed with sufficient pressure and that it covers an adequate area that includes the oropharynx.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,22]],"date-time":"2013-05-22T03:34:37Z","timestamp":1369193677000},"page":"557-560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Sampling technique is important for optimal isolation of pharyngeal gonorrhoea"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Rane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C K","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D M","family":"Whiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C S","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Bissessor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M Y","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/508460"},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.036814"},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.3","first-page":"537","article-title":"Rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia reinfection is associated with increased risk of HIV seroconversion","volume":"53","author":"Bernstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAIDS"},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/648427"},{"issue":"No. RR-12","key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.5","first-page":"12","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.6","unstructured":"Sexually Transmitted Infections in Gay Men Action group. Sexually transmitted infection testing guidelines for men who have sex with men 2010. http:\/\/stigma.net.au\/resources\/STIGMA_MSM_Testing_Guidelines_2010.pdf (accessed 11 Jan 2013)."},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/jmoldx.2006.050045"},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05341-11"},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31817bdd7e"},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.10","unstructured":"Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. Cephalosporin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae public health response plan. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012."},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.11","unstructured":"WHO. Global action plan to control the spread and impact of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Geneva: WHO, 2012."},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen MY Stevens K Tideman R . Failure of ceftriaxone 500\u2005mg to eradicate pharyngeal gonorrhoea, Australia. J Antimicrob Chemother Published Online First: 12 Feb 2013. doi:10.1093\/jac\/dkt017","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt017"},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656560902731993"},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2294"},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181d73cc7","article-title":"Sampling technique and detection rates for pharyngeal gonorrhea using culture","volume":"37","author":"Razali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2024051410110814000_89.7.557.16","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency. UK Standards for microbiology investigations: detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae using molecular methods. http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/webc\/HPAwebFile\/HPAweb_C\/1317136265430 (accessed 11 Jan 2013)."}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T17:13:04Z","timestamp":1715706784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051077","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]]}}}