{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:03:07Z","timestamp":1785178987175,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["084840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["084840"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0701757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0701757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Variable use of new molecular assays, asymptomatic infections and a lack of population data mean that the population burden of <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> is uncertain. We investigated the age-specific prevalence of <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> within the sexually active British general population to inform testing strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Britain's third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle (Natsal-3) is a probability sample survey of 15\u2005162 individuals aged 16\u201374\u2005years, undertaken during 2010\u20132012. Urine from 4386 participants aged 16\u201344\u2005years reporting \u22651 lifetime sexual partner was tested for <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> using in-house real-time PCR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> was detected in seven women and no men providing urine samples, giving a weighted prevalence estimate of 0.3% (95% CI 0.1% to 0.5%) in sexually experienced women aged 16\u201344\u2005years. Of the seven women with <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> detected, four were of black or mixed ethnicity (prevalence 2.7% (0.9% to 7.7%) in this group) and five reported recent partners of black or mixed ethnicity. Six of the women reported symptoms, and five reported sexual health clinic attendance in the past 5 years (prevalence in those reporting clinic attendance: 1.0% (0.4% to 2.3%)). The prevalence of a self-reported history of <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> (past 5\u2005years) was 0.1% (0.0% to 0.2%) in women and 0.0% (0.0% to 0.2%) in men aged 16\u201344\u2005years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our British population prevalence estimates indicate that <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> is a rare infection. These data support policies that restrict asymptomatic screening for <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and suggest deployment of molecular tests should be focused within clinical settings and guided by symptoms and local demography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,30]],"date-time":"2016-09-30T02:39:11Z","timestamp":1475203151000},"page":"226-229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i> infection is uncommon in the British general population: implications for clinical testing and public health screening"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Nigel","family":"Field","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soazig","family":"Clifton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A","family":"Ison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rumena","family":"Khanom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwenda","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Beddows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine H","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Tanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne M","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pam","family":"Sonnenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050723332637000_94.3.226.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections\u20142008. 2012. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/75181\/1\/9789241503839_eng.pdf"},{"key":"2020050723332637000_94.3.226.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813002902"},{"key":"2020050723332637000_94.3.226.3","unstructured":"Public Health England. Sexually transmitted infections and chlamydia screening in England, 2014. Health Prot Rep 2015;9. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/437433\/hpr2215_STI_NCSP_v6.pdf"},{"key":"2020050723332637000_94.3.226.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414525947"},{"key":"2020050723332637000_94.3.226.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61947-9"},{"key":"2020050723332637000_94.3.226.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erens B , Phelps A , Clifton S . The third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3): Technical report. National Centre for Social Research, 2013.","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051359"},{"key":"2020050723332637000_94.3.226.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051359"},{"key":"2020050723332637000_94.3.226.8","first-page":"819","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis: repeated DNA target for highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction diagnosis","volume":"40","author":"Kengne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"key":"2020050723332637000_94.3.226.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.022376"},{"key":"2020050723332637000_94.3.226.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.11.3205-3210.1998","article-title":"Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab samples","volume":"36","author":"Madico","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052660","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T09:04:02Z","timestamp":1601111042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052660","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]}}}