{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:32:40Z","timestamp":1790645560255,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence suggests that sexual transmission between men has replaced foreign travel as the predominant mode of<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>transmission in England. However, sexuality and HIV status are not routinely recorded for laboratory-reported<jats:italic>Shigella,<\/jats:italic>and the role of HIV in the<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>epidemic is not well understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Modular Open Laboratory Information System containing all<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>cases reported to Public Health England (PHE) and the PHE HIV and AIDS Reporting System holding all adults living with diagnosed HIV in England were matched using a combination of Soundex code, date of birth and gender.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 2004 to 2015, 88\u2005664 patients were living with HIV, and 10\u2005269<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>cases were reported in England; 9% (873\/10\u2005269) of<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>cases were diagnosed with HIV, of which 93% (815\/873) were in men.<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>cases without reported travel history were more likely to be living with HIV than those who had travelled (14% (751\/5427) vs 3% (134\/4854); p&lt;0.01). From 2004 to 2015, the incidence of<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>in men with HIV rose from 47\/100\u2005000 to 226\/100\u2005000 (p&lt;0.01) peaking in 2014 at 265\/100 000, but remained low in women throughout the study period (0\u201324\/100\u2005000). Among<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>cases without travel and with HIV, 91% (657\/720) were men who have sex with men (MSM). HIV preceded<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>diagnosis in 86% (610\/720), and 65% (237\/362) had an undetectable viral load (&lt;50 copies\/mL).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed a sustained increase in the national rate of shigellosis in MSM with HIV, who may experience more serious clinical disease. Sexual history, HIV status and STI risk might require sensitive investigation in men presenting with gastroenteritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]],"date-time":"2017-05-11T12:48:34Z","timestamp":1494506914000},"page":"67-71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["What is the overlap between HIV and shigellosis epidemics in England: further evidence of MSM transmission?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Keerthi","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hibbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Canvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Childs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Simms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kirwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Delpech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-7702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwenda","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050723322995000_94.1.67.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197411282912223","article-title":"Shigella enteritis venereally transmitted","volume":"291","author":"Dritz","year":"1974","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020050723322995000_94.1.67.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462041558221"},{"key":"2020050723322995000_94.1.67.3","first-page":"922","article-title":"Shigella sonnei outbreak among men who have sex with men\u2014San Francisco, California, 2000\u20132001","volume":"50","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020050723322995000_94.1.67.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0808.010534"},{"key":"2020050723322995000_94.1.67.5","first-page":"85","article-title":"Outbreak of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei enterocolitis in men who have sex with men, Quebec, 1999 to 2001","volume":"31","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"2020050723322995000_94.1.67.6","unstructured":"Public Health England. 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