{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:59:30Z","timestamp":1770814770849,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the prevalence and describe the patterns of concurrent human papillomavirus (HPV) and STIs and associated factors among HIV-negative young Western Cape, South African women participating in the Efficacy of HPV Vaccine to Reduce HIV Infection (EVRI) trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV-negative women aged 16\u201324\u2005years old were enrolled in the EVRI trial (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT01489527\">NCT01489527<\/jats:ext-link>) and randomised to receive the licensed four-valent HPV vaccine or placebo. At study entry, participants were clinically evaluated for five STIs: herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and disease-causing HPV genotypes (6\/11\/16\/18\/31\/33\/35\/39\/45\/51\/52\/56\/58\/59\/68). Demographic and sexual history characteristics were compared among women with STI co-infections, single infection and no infection using Pearson \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>and Mann-Whitney tests. ORs were calculated to evaluate factors associated with STI co-infection prevalence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 388 young women, STI co-infection prevalence was high: 47% had \u22652 concurrent STIs, 36% had a single STI and 17% had none of the five evaluated STIs. HPV\/HSV-2 (26%) was the most prevalent co-infection detected followed by HPV\/HSV-2\/<jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>(CT) (17%) and HPV\/CT (15%). Co-infection prevalence was independently associated with alcohol use (adjusted OR=2.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 4.06) and having a sexual partner with an STI (adjusted OR=6.96, 95% CI 1.53 to 30.08).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among high-risk young women from underserved communities such as in Southern Africa, a multicomponent prevention strategy that integrates medical and behavioural interventions targeting both men and women is essential to prevent acquisition of concurrent STI infections and consequent disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01489527?term=NCT01489527&amp;rank=1\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">NCT01489527<\/jats:ext-link>; Post-results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-053046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]],"date-time":"2017-05-11T12:48:34Z","timestamp":1494506914000},"page":"55-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Patterns of prevalent HPV and STI co-infections and associated factors among HIV-negative young Western Cape, South African women: the EVRI trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"94","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01489527","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01489527","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Lynette J","family":"Menezes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ubin","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Staci L","family":"Sudenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthys H","family":"Botha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Zeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha E","family":"Abrahamsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard H","family":"Glashoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Engelbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maarten F","family":"Schim van der Loeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louvina E","family":"van der Laan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Kipping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna R","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050723323012000_94.1.55.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70137-7"},{"key":"2020050723323012000_94.1.55.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.07.055"},{"key":"2020050723323012000_94.1.55.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28425","article-title":"Human papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution in invasive cervical cancer in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"134","author":"Denny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2020050723323012000_94.1.55.4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). 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