{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:47:00Z","timestamp":1774946820403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastrointestinal infections (GII) can cause serious ill health and morbidity. Although primarily transmitted through faecal contamination of food or water, transmission through sexual activity is well described, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the prevalence of GIIs among a convenience sample of MSM who were consecutively diagnosed with rectal <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> (CT) at 12 UK genitourinary medicine clinics during 10\u2005weeks in 2012. Residual rectal swabs were coded, anonymised and tested for <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>, shiga toxin-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and enteroaggregative <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (EAEC) using a real-time PCR. Results were linked to respective coded and anonymised clinical and demographic data. Associations were investigated using Fisher's exact tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 444 specimens tested, overall GII prevalence was 8.6% (95% CI 6.3% to 11.6%): 1.8% (0.9% to 3.6%) tested positive for <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>, 1.8% (0.9% to 3.6%) for <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> and 5.2% (3.5% to 7.7%) for EAEC. No specimens tested positive for <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> or other diarrhoeagenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> pathotypes. Among those with any GII, 14\/30 were asymptomatic (2\/7 with <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>, 3\/6 with <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> and 9\/17 with EAEC). <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> prevalence was higher in MSM who were HIV-positive (4.7% (2.1% to 10.2%) vs 0.5%(0.1% to 3.2%) in HIV-negative MSM; p=0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this small feasibility study, MSM with rectal CT appeared to be at appreciable risk of GII. Asymptomatic carriage may play a role in sexual transmission of GII.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-053057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,31]],"date-time":"2017-03-31T00:54:01Z","timestamp":1490921641000},"page":"518-521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prevalence and characteristics of gastrointestinal infections in men who have sex with men diagnosed with rectal chlamydia infection in the UK: an \u2018unlinked anonymous\u2019 cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-7702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwenda","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panida","family":"Silalang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Were","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hemanti","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Childs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Duffell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Saxon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Ison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.1","first-page":"348","article-title":"Shigellosis. Another sexually transmitted disease?","volume":"52","author":"Drusin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462041558221"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.3","first-page":"922","article-title":"Shigella sonnei outbreak among men who have sex with men\u2014San Francisco, California, 2000-2001","volume":"50","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.43.20946"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052014"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2015.20.15.21097"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2211.160653","article-title":"ESBL-producing and macrolide-resistant Shigella sonnei infections among men who have sex with men, England, 2015","volume":"22","author":"Mook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/EID2201.141867"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415615443"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pii=20981","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.48.20981","article-title":"Improving surveillance of sexually transmitted infections using mandatory electronic clinical reporting: the genitourinary medicine clinic activity dataset, England, 2009 to 2013","volume":"19","author":"Savage","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6711.1295"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.12","unstructured":"The Second Study of Infectious Intestinal Disease in the Community (IID2 Study). Final report. Food Standards Agency, November 2012. Crown Copyright."},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1982.tb03170.x","article-title":"Enteric diseases of homosexual men","volume":"2","author":"Baker","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.14","first-page":"184","article-title":"The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases","volume":"6","author":"Kazal","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328334feb1"},{"key":"2020050723335274000_94.7.518.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/510591"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2016-053057","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T10:14:36Z","timestamp":1601115276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2016-053057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2016-053057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2016-053057","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]]}}}