{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:36:34Z","timestamp":1784133394732,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Center for HIV Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> (CT)<jats:italic>, Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> (NG) and <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> (TV) are curable, mostly asymptomatic, STIs that cause adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Most countries do not test for those infections during antenatal care. We implemented a CT, NG and TV testing and treatment programme in an antenatal clinic in Gaborone, Botswana.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a prospective study in the antenatal clinic at Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana. We offered pregnant women who were 18 years or older and less than 35 weeks of gestation, CT, NG and TV testing using self-collected vaginal swabs. Testing was conducted using a GeneXpert\u00ae CT\/NG and TV system. Those who tested positive were given directly observed antibiotic therapy and asked to return for a test of cure. We determined the prevalence of infections, uptake of treatment and proportion cured. The relationships between positive STI test and participant characteristics were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 400 pregnant women. Fifty-four (13.5%) tested positive for CT, NG and\/or TV: 31 (8%) for CT, 5 (1.3%) for NG and 21 (5%) for TV. Among those who tested positive, 74% (40) received same-day, in person results and treatment. Among those who received delayed results (6), 67% (4) were treated. Statistical comparisons showed that being unmarried and HIV infected were positively association CT, NG and\/or TV infection. Self-reported STI symptoms were not associated with CT, NG and\/or TV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of CT, NG and\/or TV was high, particularly among women with HIV infection. Among women with CT, NG and\/or TV infection, those who received same-day results were more likely to be treated than those who received delayed results. More research is needed on the costs and benefits of integrating highly sensitive and specific STI testing into antenatal care in Southern Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T16:18:17Z","timestamp":1509639497000},"page":"230-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Prevalence and treatment outcomes of routine <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>, <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i> and <i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i> testing during antenatal care, Gaborone, Botswana"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8067-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriane","family":"Wynn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Ramogola-Masire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ponatshego","family":"Gaolebale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neo","family":"Moshashane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ontiretse","family":"Sickboy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klara","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D","family":"Klausner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Morroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-006-0190-3"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000340"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511278"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir699","article-title":"Chlamydial and gonococcal infections in infants and children","volume":"53 Suppl 3","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370240044034"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.17","article-title":"Neonatal respiratory tract involvement by Trichomonas vaginalis: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"78","author":"Carter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210819"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000460"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416660483","article-title":"Lost opportunity to save newborn lives: variable national antenatal screening policies for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"28","author":"Medline","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006-2015. 2007 http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/toolkits\/stis_strategy[1]en.pdf"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-27"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.031922"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.007757"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000219"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4386127","article-title":"A systematic review of point of care testing for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"2016","author":"Herbst de Cortina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.16","unstructured":"UNICEF. Country statistics: Botswana 2013. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/infobycountry\/botswana_statistics.html"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.17","first-page":"91","article-title":"Syphilis sero-positivity among pregnant women attending public antenatal clinics: a five-year analysis from 15 public clinics in Gaborone, Botswana","volume":"31","author":"Ganiyu","year":"2016","journal-title":"S Afr J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.18","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Neonatal and child health profile: Botswana, 2013. http:\/\/www.aho.afro.who.int\/profiles_information\/index.php\/Botswana:Analytical_summary_-_Maternal_and_newborn_health"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Born Too Soon. The global action report on preterm birth, 2012. http:\/\/www.who.int\/pmnch\/media\/news\/2012\/preterm_birth_report\/en\/"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.20","unstructured":"Botswana Ministry of Health. Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections. Reference Manual for Health Workers, 2012."},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.21","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015, 2015. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr6403a1.html"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.22","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015 Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines: Trichomoniasis, 2015. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/tg2015\/trichomoniasis.html."},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman L , Rowley J , Vander Hoorn S , et al . Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting. PLoS One 2015;10:e0143304.doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.24","unstructured":"Botswana Central Statistical Office and UNICEF. 2007 Botswana family health survey IV report. Gaborone, 2009."},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0241-y"},{"key":"2020050723332628000_94.3.230.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wi T , Lahra MM , Ndowa F , et al . Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Global surveillance and a call for international collaborative action. PLoS Med 2017;14:e1002344.doi:10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002344"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T10:14:52Z","timestamp":1601115292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]}}}