{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:41:13Z","timestamp":1790772073957,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006162","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to measure the costs of people living with HIV (PLHIV) as well as active tuberculosis (TB\/HIV), latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI\/HIV) or without TB (HIV\/AIDS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed the costs through the entire pathway of care during the prediagnosis and treatment periods from the Brazilian public health system perspective. We applied a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches to capture and estimate direct medical and non-medical costs. We measured the mean cost per patient per type of care (inpatient, outpatient and emergency care) and disease category (HIV\/AIDS, HIV\/AIDS death, TB\/HIV, TB\/HIV death and LTBI\/HIV).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between March 2014 and March 2016 we recruited 239 PLHIV. During the follow-up 26 patients were diagnosed and treated for TB and 5 received chemoprophylaxis for LTBI. During the prediagnosis and treatment period, the mean total costs for HIV or AIDS and AIDS death categories were US$1558 and US$2828, respectively. The mean total costs for TB\/HIV and TB\/HIV death categories were US$5289.0 and US$8281, respectively. The mean total cost for the LTBI\/HIV category was US$882.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with TB\/HIV impose a higher economic burden on the health system than HIV\/AIDS and LTBI\/HIV. Patients with LTBI\/HIV were the lowest cost group among all disease categories, indicating that preventive TB treatment can avoid the further costs treating active TB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title><jats:p>RBR-22t943, Results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]],"date-time":"2018-03-15T16:16:56Z","timestamp":1521130616000},"page":"463-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Economic burden of HIV and TB\/HIV coinfection in a middle-income country: a costing analysis alongside a pragmatic clinical trial in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Noemia","family":"Teixeira de Siqueira-Filha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria de Fatima","family":"Militao de Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cunha Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Legood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Costa Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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The End TB Strategy. 2015;53:1689\u201399."},{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2015. Vol. 1. Geneve, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2015."},{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.8","unstructured":"SES-PE. Secretaria Estadual de Saude, Hospital Correia Pican\u00e7o. http:\/\/portal.saude.pe.gov.br\/unidades-de-saude-e-servicos\/secretaria-executiva-de-atencao-saude\/hospital-correia-picanco (cited 10 Oct 2016)."},{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.9","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Costing Guidelines for HIV Prevention. \u00a0Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, 2000."},{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The tool to estimate patients\u2019 costs. 2008 http:\/\/www.stoptb.org\/wg\/dots_expansion\/tbandpoverty"},{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.11","unstructured":"Ministerio da Saude do Brasil. Diretrizes metodologicas: diretriz de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f4mica. 2nd edn. Brasil: Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade do Brasil, Secretaria de Ci\u00eancia Tecnologia e Insumos Estrat\u00e9gicos, Departamento de Ci\u00eancia eTecnologia, 2014."},{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.12","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade do Brasil. Banco de Precos em Saude. 2014."},{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.13","unstructured":"DATASUS. Sistema de Gerenciamento da tabela de procedimentos, Medicamentos e OPM do SUS."},{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.14","unstructured":"OANDA. Historical exchange rates. 2016 https:\/\/www.oanda.com\/fx-for-business\/historical-rates (cited 1 Aug 2016)."},{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0193-3","article-title":"A guide to handling missing data in cost-effectiveness analysis conducted within randomised controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Faria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.16","unstructured":"The World Bank. World Development Indicators: Exchange rates and prices. 2017 http:\/\/wdi.worldbank.org\/table\/4.16 (cited 1 Nov 2016)."},{"key":"2020050723333941000_94.6.463.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Monetary Fund. 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