{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:42:19Z","timestamp":1791902539427,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"University of Malaya High Impact Research Grant"},{"name":"Merck Sharp and Dohme Malaysia"},{"name":"University Malaya Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cervical cancer is a largely preventable disease, and the strategic implementation of a cervical cancer prevention programme is partly dependent on the impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection interpreted within the context of the country\u2019s sociodemographic attributes. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of cervicovaginal HPV infection among a healthy, community-based, multiethnic Malaysian population. The HPV prevalence was subsequently correlated to the individual\u2019s sociodemographics and sexual\/reproductive history. Of significance, the observed prevalence captured was in a birth cohort not included in the national school-based HPV vaccination programme.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study where 1293 healthy women aged between 18 and 60 years were recruited via convenience sampling from five community-based clinics in Selangor, Malaysia. Cervicovaginal self-samples were obtained and DNA was extracted for HPV detection and genotyping. A comprehensive questionnaire was administered to determine the sociodemographics and behavioural patterns of participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The median age at enrolment was 37 years old (IQR: 30\u201347). In total, 86\/1190 (7.2%) of the samples collected were positive for HPV infection, with the highest HPV prevalence (11.9%) detected in the subgroup of 18\u201324 years old. The top three most prevalent HPV genotypes were HPV 16, 52 and 58. The independent risk factors associated with higher rates of HPV infection included Indian ethnicity, widowed status and women with partners who are away from home for long periods and\/or has another sexual partner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall prevalence of HPV infection in this Malaysian multiethnic population was 7.2%, with 6.5% being high-risk genotypes. The top three most common high-risk HPV types were HPV 16, 52 and 58. This information is important for the planning of primary (HPV vaccination) and secondary (screening) cervical cancer prevention programmes in Malaysia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T17:17:55Z","timestamp":1511803075000},"page":"277-283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus (HPV) carriage in a cross-sectional, multiethnic, community-based female Asian population"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Su Pei","family":"Khoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmala","family":"Bhoo-Pathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siew Hwei","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Khairul","family":"Anwar Shafii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazrilla","family":"Hairizan Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Belinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ShriDevi","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pik Pin","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Dong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patti","family":"Gravitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin Ling","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25516"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.2","unstructured":"Lim GCC RS , Yahaya H . Cancer Incidence in Peninsular Malaysia, 2003-2005: The Third Report of the National Cancer Registry, 2008."},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Planning Division, H.I.C. Health Facts 2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.12968\/eqhe.2014.1.18.47"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.4","unstructured":"WHO, Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Control. A guide to essential practice: World Health Organization, 2014."},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.5","unstructured":"Department of Statistics, M. Current Population Estimates, Malaysia, 2016-2017. Population and Demography 2017 14 July 2017 15 October 2017. https:\/\/www.dosm.gov.my\/v1\/index.php?r=column\/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=a1d1UTFZazd5ajJiRWFHNDduOXFFQT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.06.021"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma\u2019som M , Bhoo-Pathy N , Nasir NH , et al . Attitudes and factors affecting acceptability of self-administered cervicovaginal sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping as an alternative to Pap testing among multiethnic Malaysian women. BMJ Open 2016;6:e011022.doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-011022","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-011022"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP9P2KJSXEKCJB"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.9","first-page":"145","article-title":"Community-based prevalence of genital Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Sabeena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.8.813"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.04.013","article-title":"HPV genotype prevalence in Australian women undergoing routine cervical screening by cytology status prior to implementation of an HPV vaccination program","volume":"60","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2009.01161.x"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.14971","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection in China: analysis of 51,345 HPV genotyping results from China\u2019s largest CAP certified laboratory","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-015-0001-5","article-title":"Genotypic distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cytology findings in 5906 thai women undergoing cervical cancer screening programs","volume":"10","author":"Kantathavorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604417","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus in Indonesia: a population-based study in three regions","volume":"99","author":"Vet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414528315"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.15.6151","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV among women attending a cervical cancer screening mobile unit in Lampang, Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Paengchit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0172-7","article-title":"Risk factors for high-risk and multi-type human papillomavirus infections among women in Ho Chi Minh city, vietnam: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Tran","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-016-0816-4","article-title":"Single and multiple high-risk and low-risk human papillomavirus association with cervical lesions of 11,224 women in Jakarta","volume":"27","author":"Murdiyarso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24731"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.15430\/JCP.2016.21.2.104","article-title":"Human papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution among 968 women in South Korea","volume":"21","author":"So","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan PK , Ho WC , Chan MC , et al . Meta-analysis on prevalence and attribution of human papillomavirus types 52 and 58 in cervical neoplasia worldwide. PLoS One 2014;9:e107573.doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0107573","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107573"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0b013e31827670fd"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1405044"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-1788"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.647"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011688"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0751-3","article-title":"Epidemiology and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Southwest China: a cross-sectional five years study in non-vaccinated women","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"2020050723331612000_94.4.277.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesher D , Panwar K , Thomas SL , et al . Continuing reductions in HPV 16\/18 in a population with high coverage of bivalent HPV vaccination in England: an ongoing cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2016;6:e009915.doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009915","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009915"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053320","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T10:19:56Z","timestamp":1601115596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053320","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]]}}}