{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:24:27Z","timestamp":1782797067934,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyse yearly rates of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ectopic pregnancy (EP) diagnosed in hospital settings in Australia from 2009 to 2014.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We calculated yearly PID and EP diagnosis rates in three states (Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland) for women aged 15\u201344 years using hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) attendance data, with population and live birth denominators. We stratified PID diagnoses as chlamydial-related or gonorrhoeal-related (<jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> (CT)-related or <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> (NG)-related), acute, unspecified and chronic, and analysed variations by year, age and residential area using Poisson regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For PID, the rate of all admissions in 2014 was 63.3 per 100\u2009000 women (95% CI 60.8 to 65.9) and of all presentations in EDs was 97.0 per 100\u2009000 women (95%\u2009CI 93.9 to 100.2). Comparing 2014 with 2009, the rate of all PID admissions did not change, but the rate of all presentations in EDs increased (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 1.34, 95%\u2009CI 1.24 to 1.45), and for admissions by PID category was higher for CT-related or NG-related PID (aIRR 1.73, 95%\u2009CI 1.31 to 2.28) and unspecified PID (aIRR 1.09, 95%\u2009CI 1.00 to 1.19), and lower for chronic PID (aIRR 0.84, 95%\u2009CI 0.74 to 0.95). For EP, in 2014 the rate of all admissions was 17.4 (95% CI 16.9 to 17.9) per 1000 live births and of all ED presentations was 15.6 (95% CI 15.1 to 16.1). Comparing 2014 with 2009, the rates of all EP admissions (aIRR 1.06, 95%\u2009CI 1.04 to 1.08) and rates in EDs (aIRR 1.24, 95%\u2009CI 1.18 to 1.31) were higher.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>PID and EP remain important causes of hospital admissions for female STI-associated complications. Hospital EDs care for more PID cases than inpatient departments, particularly for young women. Updated primary care data are needed to better understand PID epidemiology and healthcare usage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]],"date-time":"2018-05-02T16:29:23Z","timestamp":1525278563000},"page":"534-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Rates of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy in Australia, 2009\u20132014: ecological analysis of hospital data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5580-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane L","family":"Goller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alysha M","family":"De Livera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca, J","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4817-8986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basil","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M","family":"Kaldor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane S","family":"Hocking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.1086\/652395","article-title":"Risk of sequelae after chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in women","volume":"202","author":"Haggerty","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1411426"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052597"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.4","unstructured":"Australian Department of Health. The third national sexually transmissible infections strategy 2014-2017. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2014."},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.2.80"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.6","first-page":"353","article-title":"Decreasing incidence of PID in Amsterdam","volume":"68","author":"Coutinho","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.012807"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050205"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH10101"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis644"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000175375.60973.cb"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.11.002"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000352","article-title":"Assessing trends in chlamydia positivity and gonorrhea incidence and their associations with the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy in washington state, 1988-2010","volume":"43","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.03.016"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.15","unstructured":"The Kirby Institute. HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia. Annual Surveillance Report 2017. Sydney NSW 2052: The University of New South Wales, 2017."},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.16","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Socio-economic indexes for areas (SEIFA). 2011: Commonwealth of Australia 2013, 2013."},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.17","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Regression standard errors in clustered samples. Stata Technical Bulletin Reprinted in Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints","volume":"13","author":"Rogers","year":"1993"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.18","unstructured":"Long JS . Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1997."},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.19","unstructured":"Australasian Sexual Health Alliance. Australian STI management guidelines, for use in primary care: Australian Society for HIV Medicine, 2016. http:\/\/www.sti.guidelines.org.au\/ (accessed Feb 2018)."},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646206777323436"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.04.014"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH11143"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30310-9"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH14105"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reekie J , Donovan B , Guy R , et al . Hospitalisations for pelvic inflammatory disease temporally related to a diagnosis of Chlamydia or gonorrhoea: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2014;9:e94361.doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0094361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094361"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker J , Tabrizi SN , Fairley CK , Bradshaw C , et al . Chlamydia trachomatis incidence and re-infection among young women--behavioural and microbiological characteristics. PLoS One 2012;7:e37778.doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0037778","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037778"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-35"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2005.08.007"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1071\/AH11080","article-title":"Access to same day, next day and after-hours appointments: the views of Australian general practitioners","volume":"36","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2007.00968.x"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.31","unstructured":"Medicare. Annual Medicare Statistics. Australian government department of health. 2017 http:\/\/health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/Annual-Medicare-Statistics (accessed Feb 2018)."},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp057"},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.33","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia\u2019s mothers and babies 2014 - in brief. Perinatal statistics series no. 32. Cat no. PER 87. Canberra: AIHW."},{"key":"2020050723335278000_94.7.534.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2009.01032.x"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053423","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T10:20:10Z","timestamp":1601115610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053423","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]}}}