{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T03:58:02Z","timestamp":1789531082989,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","funder":[{"name":"Public Health Service of Amsterdam\u2019s Research and Development Fund","award":["project number 12-29"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project number 12-29"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration","award":["EuroCoord grant no. 260694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EuroCoord grant no. 260694"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-tests are performed and interpreted autonomously by a person without involving a healthcare professional or a certified laboratory. To gain insight into the usage of purchased HIV self-tests (HIVST) among migrants living in high-income countries, we studied the prevalence and determinants of HIVST usage among migrants living in the UK, France and the Netherlands.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used web-based questionnaire data collected between April 2014 and July 2015 among migrants living in the UK, France and the Netherlands who participated in the cross-sectional community survey of the aMASE (advancing Migrant Access to health Services in Europe) study. HIVST usage in the preceding 12 months and the corresponding 95% CIs were calculated. Using univariate logistic regression analyses, determinants of HIVST usage were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 477 migrants living in the UK (n=235), France (n=98) and the Netherlands (n=144), HIVST usage in the preceding 12 months was 1.89% (9\/477, 95%\u2009CI 0.66% to 3.11%). As all nine HIVST users were men who have sex with men (MSM), we restricted our univariate analyses to MSM (n=240). HIVST usage was borderline significantly lower among MSM living in France and the Netherlands compared with those living in the UK (UK: reference; France: OR 0.20, 95%\u2009CI 0.03 to 1.14; the Netherlands: OR 0.06, 95%\u2009CI 0.00 to 1.05). Age, region of birth, educational level, registration at a general practitioner, recent number of male sexual partners and hard drug use were not associated with HIVST usage among MSM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIVST usage among migrants from the UK, France and the Netherlands was relatively low between 2014 and 2015 but higher among migrant MSM. To increase HIV testing rates among migrants, programmes need to be developed to promote HIVST among this group. Also, as more countries approve usage of HIVST, systems need to be established to ensure linkage to confirmatory testing and care following a positive test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T08:55:18Z","timestamp":1535705718000},"page":"629-632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Usage of purchased self-tests for HIV infections among migrants living in the UK, France and the Netherlands: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4305-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janneke P","family":"Bil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibidun","family":"Fakoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Volny-Anne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freke R","family":"Zuure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Guidelines on HIV Self-Testing and Partner Notification: Supplement to Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Testing Services. 2016. http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/vct\/hiv-self-testing-guidelines\/en\/ (accessed 12 Feb 2018)."},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21594"},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000717","article-title":"HIV infection in migrant populations in the european union and european economic area in 2007-2012: an epidemic on the move","volume":"70","author":"Hernando","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks130"},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.5085","article-title":"Advancing Migrant Access to Health Services in Europe (AMASE): protocol for a cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Fakoya","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.7741","article-title":"Factors associated with access to HIV testing and primary care among migrants living in Europe: cross-sectional survey","volume":"3","author":"Fakoya","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050405"},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.03.1379"},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016609","article-title":"Usage of purchased self-tests for HIV and sexually transmitted infections in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: results of population-based and serial cross-sectional studies among the general population and sexual risk groups","volume":"7","author":"Bil","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000278"},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.11","unstructured":"UNITAID . HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing. 2016. https:\/\/unitaid.eu\/assets\/UNITAID_HIV_rapid_diagnostic_tests_for_self-testing-1.pdf (accessed 12 Feb 2018)."},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.12","unstructured":"Brady M , Carpenter G , Bard B . Self-testing for HIV: initial experience of the UK's first kit [abstract]. 22nd Annual Conference of the British HIV Association. Manchester. http:\/\/www.bhiva.org\/documents\/Conferences\/2016Manchester\/AbstractBook2016.pdf (accessed 12 Feb 2018)."},{"key":"2024092304500706000_95.8.629.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4370-0","article-title":"Risk, reassurance and routine: a qualitative study of narrative understandings of the potential for HIV self-testing among men who have sex with men in England","volume":"17","author":"Witzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053583","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T11:51:14Z","timestamp":1727092274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053583","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]}}}