{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:51:54Z","timestamp":1791960714667,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"TransGlobal Health Program, Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Programme"},{"name":"Global Fund to Fight HIV\/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ukraine has one of the largest HIV epidemics in Europe, with high prevalence among female sex workers (FSWs). We aimed to identify factors associated with HIV testing and receipt of the test result in the last 12 months, HIV prevalence and self-reported positive status among FSWs in Ukraine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from an Integrated Bio-Behavioural Survey among FSWs conducted in 2013\u20132014. The survey methodology combined three sampling strategies: time and location sampling, respondent-driven sampling and key informant recruitment. We used multivariable regression to identify factors associated with self-reported HIV testing in the last 12 months, HIV prevalence and self-reported positive status among FSWs living with HIV. Explored factors included: age, age at first sex, age at entry into sex work, education, marital status, employment status beside sex work, condom use with last paying or non-paying sexual partner, drug or alcohol consumption and sex work venue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent HIV testing was low overall with only 63.2% of FSWs reported having tested and received their test result in the last 12 months prior to the survey. HIV prevalence was 7.1% overall, but only 45.0% of FSWs living with HIV were aware of their HIV status. Testing in the last 12 months with receipt of test result was less common among FSWs who used drugs ever in life (adjusted OR (AOR) 0.7, 95% CI 0.6 to 0.9), women soliciting clients indoors (AOR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7 to 0.9) and those not using a condom with last paying sexual partner (AOR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.5). HIV positivity was associated with history of ever using drugs (AOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.4 to 3.6) and soliciting clients outdoors (AOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0). Women working indoors were less aware of their positive status (AOR 0.1, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.9).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV prevalence is high among FSWs in Ukraine, and testing and knowledge of one\u2019s status remain insufficient. HIV testing programmes need to expand with strategies to reach specific subgroups of FSWs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T22:18:28Z","timestamp":1551910708000},"page":"193-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["HIV testing behaviour and HIV prevalence among female sex workers in Ukraine: findings from an Integrated Bio-Behavioural Survey, 2013\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4992-6819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Tokar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iana","family":"Sazonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmistha","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavlo","family":"Smyrnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetiana","family":"Saliuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey V","family":"Lazarus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline E W","family":"Broerse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Roura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa L","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092304402211000_95.3.193.1","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine . Informational bulletin \u201cHIV infection in Ukraine\u201d\u2116 47. Retrieved from the official web-site of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Kyiv, Ukraine: Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine, 2017."},{"key":"2024092304402211000_95.3.193.2","unstructured":"International Charitable Foundation, \"Intnernational for Public Health\" . Analytical report \u201cEstimation of the size of key populations in Ukraine\u201d. Kyiv, Ukraine: International Charitable Foundation, \"Intnernational for Public Health\", 2017."},{"key":"2024092304402211000_95.3.193.3","unstructured":"International Charitable Foundation \"Intnernational for Public Health\" . Analitical report (National level) \u00abbehavioural monitoring and HIV infection prevalence among people providing sexual services for remuneration\u00bb. 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