{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:45:32Z","timestamp":1792719932321,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the effectiveness and safety of antibiotic regimens used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Risk of bias was assessed using the criteria outlined in the Cochrane guidelines. Quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight electronic databases were searched from date of inception up to July 2016. Database searches were complemented by screening of reference lists of relevant studies, trial registers, conference proceeding abstracts and grey literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RCTs comparing the use of antibiotics with placebo or other antibiotics for the treatment of PID in women of reproductive age, either as inpatient or outpatient treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 37 RCTs (6348 women). The quality of evidence ranged from very low to high, the main limitations being serious risk of bias (due to poor reporting of study methods and lack of blinding), serious inconsistency and serious imprecision. There was no clear evidence of a difference in the rates of cure for mild-moderate or for severe PID for the comparisons of azithromycin versus doxycycline, quinolone versus cephalosporin, nitroimidazole versus no use of nitroimidazole, clindamycin plus aminoglycoside versus quinolone, or clindamycin plus aminoglycoside versus cephalosporin. No clear evidence of a difference between regimens in antibiotic-related adverse events leading to discontinuation of therapy was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found no conclusive evidence that one regimen of antibiotics was safer or more effective than any other for the treatment of PID, and there was no clear evidence for the use of nitroimidazoles (metronidazole) compared with the use of other drugs with activity against anaerobes. More evidence is needed to assess treatments for women with PID, particularly comparing regimens with or without the addition of nitroimidazoles and the efficacy of azithromycin compared with doxycycline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T12:16:23Z","timestamp":1539951383000},"page":"21-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Antibiotic therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease: an abridged version of a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Ricardo F","family":"Savaris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele G","family":"Fuhrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui V","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Franik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D C","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e92c54"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6404a1"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462991914447"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.4","first-page":"1606","article-title":"Pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"12","author":"Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Clin Evid"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.10.1496"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.121625"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000175193.37531.6e"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181676bbd"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181fc6c65","article-title":"Estimating the direct costs of pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents: a within-system analysis","volume":"38","author":"Trent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.048694"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417744099","article-title":"2017 European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"29","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.12","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"4","author":"Savaris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2024092304401898000_95.1.21.13","unstructured":"Higgins JPT , Green S , 2011. 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