{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:38:31Z","timestamp":1774877911954,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies suggested that upregulation of anti-inflammatory immune response during early syphilis may be associated with persistence of<jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>infection despite adequate treatment, resulting in a serofast state. The objective of this study was to determine whether enhanced interleukin (IL)-10-related response during early<jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>infection increased the risk of serofast syphilis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two<jats:italic>IL10<\/jats:italic>gene promoter polymorphisms affecting IL-10 production (\u22121082A&gt;G [rs1800896], \u2212592C&gt;A [rs1800872]) and serum levels of IL-10 were measured in 80 patients with early syphilis before and 6 months after penicillin treatment and in 24 healthy volunteers (control group).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After 6\u2009months, patients were stratified based on serological response into two groups: (1) serofast state (n = 28) and (2) serologically cured (n = 52). Pretreatment and post-treatment serum IL-10 levels were significantly higher in patients who remained serofast compared with those who had a serological cure (p&lt;0.001). The GG genotype of the \u22121082A&gt;G (rs1800896) polymorphism and the CC genotype of the \u2212592C&gt;A (rs1800872) polymorphism were significantly correlated with higher serum IL-10 levels. Moreover, the OR for remaining serofast for carriers of these genotypes was 16.2 (95% CI: 4.1 to 65.0, p&lt;0.0001) and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.4 to 5.9, p=0.002), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We showed that a pronounced anti-inflammatory immune response may be an important predictor for the serofast state. Additionally, host-related factors such as polymorphisms of immune regulatory genes may influence the risk of remaining serofast after syphilis therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T16:17:06Z","timestamp":1539965826000},"page":"163-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Association of interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms with serofast state after syphilis treatment"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Maciej","family":"Pastuszczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Jakiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wojas-Pelc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0138-z","article-title":"An update on the global epidemiology of syphilis","volume":"5","author":"Kojima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.2","first-page":"26","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010","volume":"58","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morb Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050622"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.1.69"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052681"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050247"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv591"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1209-0","article-title":"A systematic review of syphilis serological treatment outcomes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons: rethinking the significance of serological non-responsiveness and the serofast state after therapy","volume":"15","author":"Se\u00f1a","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175477","article-title":"Molecular subtyping of Treponema pallidum and associated factors of serofast status in early syphilis patients: Identified novel genotype and cytokine marker","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.5771"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-264"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200420515"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002528","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of syphilis patients with and without neurological involvement","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2015.06.010"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363920"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814000466","article-title":"Association of interleukin-10 polymorphisms with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in a case-control study and its effect on the response to combined pegylated interferon\/ribavirin therapy","volume":"143","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/600072"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2013.37029","article-title":"Current standards for diagnosis and treatment of syphilis: selection of some practical issues, based on the European (IUSTI) and U.S. (CDC) guidelines","volume":"30","author":"Pastuszczak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis918"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050711","article-title":"Predictors of serological cure and serofast state after treatment in HIV-negative patients with early syphilis in China","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100615"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01451.x"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ842"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001717","article-title":"Immune evasion and recognition of the syphilis spirochete in blood and skin of secondary syphilis patients: two immunologically distinct compartments","volume":"6","author":"Cruz","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.021402"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis757"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199707313370504"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/589295"},{"key":"2024092304402214000_95.3.163.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-6143.2002.20611.x"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053753","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T11:41:36Z","timestamp":1727091696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053753"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053753","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]}}}