{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:47:43Z","timestamp":1791377263330,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004417","name":"The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, CDC, Tehran, Iran"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25 MH064712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 MH064712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The HIV trend among female sex workers (FSWs) is understudied. We assessed the prevalence and trend of HIV and five other STIs among FSWs in Iran.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited FSWs (1337 in 2015, 1005 in 2010) from 21 sites in 13 cities in two cross-sectional biobehavioural surveys. Eligible FSWs were women aged \u226518 years who reported selling sex to more than one male client in the past 12 months. Consenting FSWs were interviewed using a behavioural questionnaire and tested for HIV and five other STIs. We considered study sites as clusters in the analysis and two-sided Fisher\u2019s exact test to compare the HIV prevalence between the two survey rounds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV prevalence was 2.1% in 2015 (vs 4.0% in 2010, p=0.007). Lifetime drug injection was reported by 6.1% of participants in 2015 (vs 14.6% in 2010, p=0.003). In 2015, among FSWs with history of lifetime drug injection, HIV prevalence was 8.6% (vs 9.8% in 2010, p=0.425). The prevalence of other STIs in 2015 was 0.4% (95% CI 0.2 to 1.0) for syphilis, 1.3% (95% CI 0.8 to 2.1) for gonorrhoea, 6.0% (95% CI 4.8 to 7.4) for chlamydia, 11.9% (95% CI 8.5 to 16.5) for trichomoniasis and 41.8% (95% CI 39.2 to 44.5) for human papillomavirus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV prevalence among FSWs in Iran decreased, but remains considerably high. The decrease in HIV prevalence compared with 2010 might be explained by a decrease in drug injection. Other STIs are also high in this population. Harm reduction programmes need to be continued and scaled up among this underserved population in Iran.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T22:24:33Z","timestamp":1576275873000},"page":"68-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Declining trends in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Iran could be attributable to reduced drug injection: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0478-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mirzazadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Shokoohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Karamouzian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haleh","family":"Ashki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razieh","family":"Khajehkazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apameh","family":"Salari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Abedinzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8823-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Alireza","family":"Nadji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parvin Afsar","family":"Kazerooni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoo","family":"Mohraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali-Akbar","family":"Haghdoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092304050832000_96.1.68.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70066-X"},{"key":"2024092304050832000_96.1.68.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60933-8","article-title":"An action agenda for HIV and sex workers","volume":"385","author":"Beyrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2024092304050832000_96.1.68.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957417732834","article-title":"Consistent condom use with paying and Nonpaying partners among female sex workers in Iran: findings of a national Biobehavioral survey","volume":"16","author":"Karamouzian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"},{"key":"2024092304050832000_96.1.68.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1332-y"},{"key":"2024092304050832000_96.1.68.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0305-z"},{"key":"2024092304050832000_96.1.68.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61042-4","article-title":"Why are sex workers who use substances at risk for HIV?","volume":"385","author":"Rusakova","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2024092304050832000_96.1.68.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2016.112","article-title":"Improving the quality and quantity of HIV data in the middle East and North Africa: key challenges and ways forward","volume":"6","author":"Karamouzian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"2024092304050832000_96.1.68.8","unstructured":"UNAIDS . 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