{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:14:33Z","timestamp":1790723673290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AI106957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI106957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis (BV) favours sexual transmission of BV-associated bacteria. We examined incubation period and risk factors for incident BV (iBV) in a prospective study of women who have sex with women (WSW).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using daily self-collected vaginal swabs, WSW with normal vaginal microbiota (no Amsel criteria and a Nugent score of 0\u20133) were followed for 90 days or until iBV (Nugent score 7\u201310 on at least 2\u20133 consecutive days). Daily diaries of sexual activity and menses were completed. Time to iBV was estimated. Accounting for differing lengths of follow-up and age, rates of sexual activities (per 100 person-days (pd)) were compared according to iBV status. The relationship between menses and iBV was also investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 36 WSW, the mean age was 30 years (SD 8) and 92% were African American. The probability of iBV at 30 and 60 days was 20% (SD 7%) and 36% (SD 8%), respectively; 14 (39%) developed iBV by 90 days. In WSW with iBV versus those without iBV, the relative rate of any sexual activity prior to iBV was 40% higher (20.4 vs 14.6 per 100 pd; p=0.010), sex with a woman was 38% higher (14.3 vs 10.3 per 100 pd; p=0.038), digital-vaginal sex was 57% higher (14.3 vs 9.1 per 100 pd; p=0.005) and digital-anal sex was 5.6 times higher (2.9 vs 0.5 per 100 pd; p&lt;0.001). iBV was more likely for those WSW with menses in the prior 2 days as compared with those without recent menses (HR 3.4; p=0.029). Sexual activity occurred in 93% WSW at a median of 4 days (95%\u2009CI 2 to 6) prior to iBV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>iBV was common and associated with sexual activity in this cohort of predominantly African American WSW. An incubation period of 4 days is consistent with other bacterial STIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T21:15:35Z","timestamp":1552598135000},"page":"511-515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Incubation period and risk factors support sexual transmission of bacterial vaginosis in women who have sex with women"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-3858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina Ann","family":"Muzny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelly Y","family":"Lensing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristal J","family":"Aaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane R","family":"Schwebke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318074e565"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.2","unstructured":"Hillier SL , Marrazzo J , Holmes KK , et al . Bacterial vaginosis. In: Sexually transmitted diseases. 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008: 737\u201368."},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/592974"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/750479","article-title":"The human vaginal bacterial biota and bacterial vaginosis","volume":"2008","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1071\/SH17087","article-title":"Comparisons of vaginal flora patterns among sexual behaviour groups of women: implications for the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"15","author":"Olson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181b5f15d"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011139","article-title":"Risks for acquisition of bacterial vaginosis among women who report sex with women: a cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Fredericks","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339884"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.10","first-page":"201","article-title":"Can known risk factors explain racial differences in the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis?","volume":"95","author":"Ness","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.11","first-page":"966","article-title":"Identification of key bacteria involved in the induction of incident bacterial vaginosis: a prospective study","volume":"218","author":"Muzny","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06481-11"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02966-13"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis242"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31822e6121"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1985.tb00331.x","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative changes of the vaginal microbial flora during the menstrual cycle","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315065"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199704000-00009"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010197","article-title":"Temporal variability of human vaginal bacteria and relationship with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"5","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gajer P , Brotman RM , Bai G , et al . Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota. Sci Transl Med 2012;4.doi:10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600102"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5041","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.10.5041-5047.1998","article-title":"Acquisition of iron by Gardnerella vaginalis","volume":"66","author":"Jarosik","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2147-2152.2002"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.25","unstructured":"Hook EW , Handsfield HH , et al . Gonococcal infections in the adult. In: Holmes KK , Sparling PF , Stamm WE , et al , eds. Sexually transmitted diseases. 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008: 627\u201346."},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000057"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000134783.98382.b0"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.5.1058"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000129948.91055.9F"},{"key":"2024092304402113000_95.7.511.30","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Accuracy of Nugent's score and each Amsel's criteria in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"87","author":"Chaijareenont","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053824","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T11:40:44Z","timestamp":1727091644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053824","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]}}}