{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T15:03:00Z","timestamp":1786806180202,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within the context of rising rates of reportable STIs in the USA, we used national survey data to examine temporal trends in high-risk factors that indicate need for STI\/HIV preventive services among key subpopulations with disproportionate STI rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from the 2002 (n=12\u2009571), 2006\u20132010 (n=22\u2009682) and 2011\u20132015 (n=20\u2009621) National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). NSFG is a national probability survey of 15\u201344\u2009year olds living in US households. We examined STI risk factors among sexually active men who have sex with men (MSM) and Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, 15\u201319\u2009year old, 20\u201324\u2009year old, and 25\u201329\u2009year old women who have sex with men (WSM) and men who have sex with women (MSW). Risk behaviours included: received money or drugs for sex, gave money or drugs for sex, partner who injected drugs, partner who has HIV, non-monogamous partner (WSM, MSW only) and male partner who had sex with other men (WSM only). Endorsement of any of these behaviours was recoded into a composite variable focusing on factors indicating increased STI risk (yes\/no). We used chi-squares and logistic regression (calculating predicted marginals to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs)) to examine STI risk factors over time among the key subpopulations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 2002 to 2011\u20132015, reported STI risk factors did not change or declined over time among key subpopulations in the USA. In adjusted analyses comparing 2002 to 2011\u20132015, we identified significant declines among WSM: Hispanics (aPR=0.84 (0.68\u20131.04), non-Hispanic blacks (aPR=0.69 (0.58\u20130.82), adolescents (aPR=0.71 (0.55\u20130.91) and 25\u201329\u2009year olds (aPR=0.76 (0.58\u20130.98); among MSW: Hispanics (aPR=0.53 (0.40\u20130.70), non-Hispanic blacks (aPR=0.74 (0.59\u20130.94) and adolescents (aPR=0.63 (0.49\u20130.82); and among MSM (aPR=0.53 (0.34\u20130.84).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While reported STIs have increased, STI risk factors among key subpopulations were stable or declined. Condom use related to these risk factors, sexual mixing patterns and STI testing should be examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T21:15:40Z","timestamp":1564175740000},"page":"121-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Trends in factors indicating increased risk for STI among key subpopulations in the United States, 2002\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2609-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jami S","family":"Leichliter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia J","family":"Dittus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey E","family":"Copen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevgi O","family":"Aral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092304051229000_96.2.121.1","unstructured":"CDC . Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2017. Atlanta: U.S. department of health and human services, 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/stats17\/2017-STD-Surveillance-Report_CDC-clearance-9.10.18.pdf [Accessed 29 Jan 2019]."},{"key":"2024092304051229000_96.2.121.2","unstructured":"Chandra A , Billioux VG , Copen CE . HIV risk-related behaviors in the United States household population aged 15-44: data from the National Survey of Family Growth 2002 and 2006-10. Hyattsville, MD National Center for Health Statistics; 2012."},{"key":"2024092304051229000_96.2.121.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31828e0cfc"},{"key":"2024092304051229000_96.2.121.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000554","article-title":"Changes in the distribution of sex partners in the United States: 2002 to 2011-2013","volume":"44","author":"Harper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2024092304051229000_96.2.121.5","unstructured":"Copen CE . Condom use during sexual intercourse among women and men aged 15-44 in the United States: 2011-2015 national survey of family growth. Natl Health Stat Report 2017;(105):1\u201318."},{"key":"2024092304051229000_96.2.121.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6404a1"},{"key":"2024092304051229000_96.2.121.7","unstructured":"Branson BM , Handsfield HH , Lampe MA , et al . Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006;55."},{"key":"2024092304051229000_96.2.121.8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Us public health service: preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States\u20142017 update: a clinical practice guideline, 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/pdf\/risk\/prep\/cdc-hiv-prep-guidelines-2017.pdf [Accessed 3 Jun 2019]."},{"key":"2024092304051229000_96.2.121.9","unstructured":"Groves RM MW , Lepkowski J , Kirgis NG . Planning and development of the continuous National Survey of Family Growth. National Center for Health Statistics, 2009."},{"key":"2024092304051229000_96.2.121.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62035-8"},{"key":"2024092304051229000_96.2.121.11","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . Gonorrhoea. in: ECDC. annual epidemiological report for 2017. Stockholm ECDC; 2019. https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/portal\/files\/documents\/gonorrhoea-annual-epidemiological-report-2017.pdf"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T11:05:41Z","timestamp":1727089541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054045","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]]}}}