{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T02:19:25Z","timestamp":1788833965317,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\nTo ascertain the prevalence of\n<jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\nand investigate associations between trichomoniasis, endometritis and sequelae among women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).\n<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\nWe assessed the prevalence of trichomoniasis identified via wet mount and its association with histologically confirmed endometritis, infertility and recurrent PID among 647 women in the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study. Participants were treated for clinically suspected PID and followed for a mean of 84 months for incident sequelae. Analyses were adjusted for age, race,\n<jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n,\n<jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n,\n<jats:italic>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/jats:italic>\nand bacterial vaginosis. Additional adjustments were incorporated for history of infertility (models of pregnancy and infertility), history of PID (recurrent PID), and self-reported partner treatment and intercourse between baseline and 30-day follow-up (persistent endometritis).\n<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\nwas present in the vagina of 12.8% of women. The odds of having endometritis at baseline were twice as high among women with trichomoniasis as compared with those without (adjusted OR (AOR): 1.9, 95%\u2009CI 1.0 to 3.3). Persistent endometritis was highly prevalent at 30 days (52.1%) and more common among women with baseline trichomoniasis (AOR: 2.6, 95%\u2009CI 0.7 to 10.1), although non-significantly. Infertility and recurrent PID were more common among women with trichomoniasis, while rates of pregnancy and live birth were lower.\n<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\nwas frequently isolated from the vagina of women with PID in the PEACH cohort. Wet mount microscopy for the identification of motile trichomonads was standard practice at the time of the PEACH study, but likely resulted in an underestimation of true\n<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\nprevalence. Our findings of modest, although non-significant, prospective associations between trichomoniasis and sequelae are novel and underscore the need for additional investigation into whether\n<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\nmay play an aetiological role in adverse reproductive and gynaecological outcomes.\n<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T22:16:29Z","timestamp":1573596989000},"page":"436-438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>\n, endometritis and sequelae among women with clinically suspected pelvic inflammatory disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6600-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann E","family":"Wiringa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta B","family":"Ness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Darville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard H","family":"Beigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9849-7865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine L","family":"Haggerty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092304150695000_96.6.436.1","first-page":"S12","article-title":"Global prevalence and incidence estimates of selected curable STDs","volume":"74","author":"Gerbase","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2024092304150695000_96.6.436.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522532"},{"key":"2024092304150695000_96.6.436.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.300"},{"key":"2024092304150695000_96.6.436.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(98)00022-1"},{"key":"2024092304150695000_96.6.436.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.121625"},{"key":"2024092304150695000_96.6.436.6","unstructured":"Association of Public Health Laboratories . Advances in laboratory detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Silver Spring: Association of Public Health Laboratories, 2013."},{"key":"2024092304150695000_96.6.436.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000218869.52753.c7"},{"key":"2024092304150695000_96.6.436.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.05.031"},{"key":"2024092304150695000_96.6.436.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338399"},{"key":"2024092304150695000_96.6.436.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116711"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T17:55:36Z","timestamp":1727114136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054079","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]}}}