{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:45:50Z","timestamp":1794037550941,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\nAs\n<jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n(CT) and\n<jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n(NG) are the most commonly reported STIs in Belgium and the majority of women infected are asymptomatic, targeted screening of patients in specified risk groups is indicated. To prevent long-term complications and interrupt transmission, extragenital samples should be included. As this comes with a substantial extra cost, analysis of a pooled sample from vaginal and extragenital sites could be a solution. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of molecular testing for CT and NG in pooled versus single-site samples in a large cohort of female sex workers.\n<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Women were sampled from three anatomical sites: a pharyngeal, a vaginal and a rectal swab. Each sample was vortexed, and 400\u2009\u00b5L of transport medium from each sample site was pooled into an empty tube. NAAT was performed using the Abbott RealTime CT\/NG assay on the m2000sp\/rt system.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We included 489 patients: 5.1% were positive for CT; 2.0% were positive for NG and 1.4% were coinfected, resulting in an overall prevalence of 6.5% (95% CI 4.5% to 9.1%) for CT and 3.5% (95% CI 2.0% to 5.5%) for NG. From the 42 patients positive on at least one non-pooled sample, only 5 gave a negative result on the pooled sample, resulting in a sensitivity of 94% (95% CI 79% to 99%) for CT and 82% (95% CI 57% to 96%) for NG. The missed pooled samples were all derived from single-site infections with low bacterial loads. The possibility of inadequate self-sampling as a cause of false negativity was excluded, as 4\/5 were collected by the physician. Testing only vaginal samples would have led to missing 40% of CT infections and 60% of NG infections.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pooling of samples is a cost-saving strategy for the detection of CT and NG in women, with minimal decrease in sensitivity. By reducing costs, more patients and more extragenital samples can be tested, resulting in higher detection rates.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T22:08:06Z","timestamp":1589407686000},"page":"417-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["To pool or not to pool? Screening of\n<i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\nand\n<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\nin female sex workers: pooled versus single-site testing"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8275-0125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Verougstraete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Verbeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"De Canni\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Padalko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liselotte","family":"Coorevits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092304150706000_96.6.417.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Sexually transmitted infections. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) [Accessed 14 Jan 2019]."},{"key":"2024092304150706000_96.6.417.2","unstructured":"Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre . Diagnosis and management of gonorrhoea and syphilis, KCE report 310, 2019. Available: https:\/\/kce.fgov.be\/en\/diagnosis-and-management-of-gonorrhoea-and-syphilis [Accessed 31 Oct 2019]."},{"key":"2024092304150706000_96.6.417.3","unstructured":"Sciensano . Surveillance van seksueel overdraagbare aandoeningen 2002-2015. Available: https:\/\/epidemio.wiv-isp.be\/ID\/reports\/Seksueel%20Overdraagbare%20Aandoeningen%20-%20Epidemiologie%20-%20Tussentijds%20Rapport%202002-2015.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr 2019]."},{"key":"2024092304150706000_96.6.417.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318151497d"},{"key":"2024092304150706000_96.6.417.5","unstructured":"British Association for Sexual Health and HIV . BASHH national guideline for the management of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 2019. Available: https:\/\/missionmrcog.com\/home\/images\/Library\/BASHH_Guidelines\/003_BASHH_GONORRRHEA.pdf [Accessed 24 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2024092304150706000_96.6.417.6","first-page":"251","article-title":"Uk national guideline for the management of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"2016","author":"Nwokolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2024092304150706000_96.6.417.7","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Report on global sexually transmitted infection surveillance, 2018. Available: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/277258\/9789241565691-eng.pdf?ua=1 [Accessed 26 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2024092304150706000_96.6.417.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance \u2014 the gonococcal isolate surveillance project, 27 sites, United States, 2014. 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European guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults, 2012. Available: https:\/\/www.iusti.org\/regions\/europe\/pdf\/2012\/Gonorrhoea_2012.pdf [Accessed 11 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2024092304150706000_96.6.417.28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae \u2013 2014","volume":"63","author":"Papp","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2024092304150706000_96.6.417.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462413482811"},{"key":"2024092304150706000_96.6.417.30","unstructured":"Check urself. 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