{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:41:22Z","timestamp":1770064882861,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/bmj.com\/coronavirus\/usage"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP170104575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP170104575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Recommendations of \u2018social distancing\u2019 and home quarantines to combat the global COVID-19 pandemic have implications for sex and intimacy, including sex work. This study examined the effects of COVID-19 on male sex work globally and investigated how men who sold sex responded to and engaged with the virus in the context of work.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study made use of an existing database of deidentified data extracted from the online profiles maintained by male sex workers on a large, international website. Website engagement metrics were calculated for the periods before (September to December 2019) and during COVID-19 (January to May 2020); Poisson regression analyses were used to assess changes over time before and after, while a content analysis was undertaken to identify modes of engagement with the virus.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n    <jats:p>Data were collected from 78\u2009399 profiles representing 19\u2009388 individuals. In the \u2018before\u2019 period, the number of active profiles was stable (inter-rate ratio (IRR)=1.01, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.01, p=0.339) but during COVID-19 decreased by 26.3% (IRR=0.90, 95%\u2009CI 0.89 to 0.91, p&lt;0.001). Newly created profiles also decreased during COVID-19 (59.4%; IRR=0.71, 95%\u2009CI 0.69 to 0.74, p&lt;0.001) after a period of stability. In total, 211 unique profiles explicitly referenced COVID-19; 185 (85.8%) evoked risk reduction strategies, including discontinuation of in-person services (41.2%), pivoting to virtual services (38.9%), COVID-19 status disclosure (20.9%), enhanced sanitary and screening requirements (12.3%) and restricted travel (5.2%). Some profiles, however, seemed to downplay the seriousness of COVID-19 or resist protective measures (14.7%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings support the contention that COVID-19 has dramatically impacted the sex industry; globally, male sex workers may be facing considerable economic strain. Targeted education and outreach are needed to support male sex workers grappling with COVID-19, including around the most effective risk reduction strategies. Those involved with the sex industry must have access to state-sponsored COVID-19 financial and other aid programmes to support individual and public health.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T22:41:03Z","timestamp":1593211263000},"page":"93-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Investigating the effects of COVID-19 on global male sex work populations: a longitudinal study of digital data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4116-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denton","family":"Callander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2810-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9tienne","family":"Meunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"DeVeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Grov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basil","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Minichiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jules","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dustin","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2020."},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.2","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health . Sex and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). New York, NY: Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2020."},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.3","unstructured":"AIDS Council of New South Wales . Sex in the Era of COVID-19. Sydney, NSW: AIDS Council of New South Wales, 2020."},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.4","unstructured":"Hobbes M . Coronavirus fears are Decimating the sex industry. New York, NY: HuffPost, 2020. https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/seattle-sex-workers-covid19-coronavirus_n_5e69233ac5b60557280fbfce"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.5","unstructured":"Simmons M . How COVID-19 is driving sex workers like me into crisis. New York, NY: HuffPost, 2020. https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/sex-workers-covid-19-coronavirus_n_5e6f653ac5b6bd8156fbbdc5"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.6","unstructured":"Anonymous . I\u2019m A Sex Worker & Coronavirus Is Destroying My Business. New York, NY: Refinery, 2020. https:\/\/www.refinery29.com\/en-us\/sex-worker-coronavirus"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.7","unstructured":"Jordans F . Sex workers face Ruin amid virus fears, Brothel closures. New York, NY: Associated Press, 2020. https:\/\/apnews.com\/62a2ea1dc6b3bf7d10b1d7305dc1a391"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.8","unstructured":"Karlis N . Sex workers are stressed, anxious and depressed amid COVID-19 pandemic. New York, NY: Salon, 2020. https:\/\/www.salon.com\/2020\/03\/22\/sex-workers-are-stressed-anxious-and-depressed-amid-covid-19-pandemic\/"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.9","unstructured":"McLeod C . Coronavirus crisis: sex workers impacted, Brothels told to shut. Tamworth, NSW: Fairfax Medica, 2020. https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/6702245\/sex-workers-caught-in-covid-19-downturn\/?cs=14231"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.10","unstructured":"Alonzo A . Unemployed legal sex workers in Nevada struggling during coronavirus closures. Reno, Nevada: Reno Gazette Journal, 2020. https:\/\/www.rgj.com\/story\/news\/local\/mason-valley\/2020\/03\/31\/coronavirus-news-nevada-unemployed-sex-workers-covid-19-closures\/5084327002\/"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.11","unstructured":"Hansen N . Sydney Brothel Fined for staying open. Sydney, NSW: NewsLimited Ltd, 2020. https:\/\/www.dailyexaminer.com.au\/news\/sydney-brothel-fined-for-staying-open-during-pande\/3990502\/"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.12","unstructured":"Drolet G . Sex work comes home: more of US are making and watching sexual performances online now. fewer of US are paying. New York, NY: The New York Times, 2020. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/10\/style\/camsoda-onlyfans-streaming-sex-coronavirus.html"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.13","unstructured":"Lorenz T . Inside the strip clubs of Instagram: going digital may be better for dancers. New York, NY: The New York Times, 2020. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/10\/style\/justin-laboy-instagram-strip-clubs-live.html"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.14","unstructured":"eNCA . COVID-19: Sex Workers Want to be Part of 'Essential Service'. Johannesburg, South Africa: eNCA, 2020. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A5y0TUMvo38"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.15","unstructured":"Brown EUS . Sex Workers and 'Prurient' Businesses Excluded From COVID-19 Disaster Loans. Los Angeles, CA: Reason, 2020. https:\/\/reason.com\/2020\/04\/01\/u-s-sex-workers-and-prurient-businesses-explicitly-excluded-from-covid-19-disaster-loans\/"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.16","unstructured":"Evans A . Porn Union leader to Trump: why are you Screwing us out of our coronavirus stimulus check? New York, NY: The Daily Beast, 2020. https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/porn-union-leader-to-trump-why-are-you-screwing-us-out-of-our-coronavirus-stimulus-check"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.17","unstructured":"Pulitzer G . Thai government screws sex workers over 5,000 Baht stimulus. Phuket, Thailand: The Thaiger, 2020. https:\/\/thethaiger.com\/coronavirus\/thai-government-screws-sex-workers-over-5000-baht-stimulus"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.18","unstructured":"Vollmer D . Some Tipped employees consider sex work amid COVID-19 closures. Peoria, IL: WCBU.org, 2020. https:\/\/www.peoriapublicradio.org\/post\/some-tipped-employees-consider-sex-work-amid-covid-19-closures#stream\/0"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1177\/0261018309341906","article-title":"Wild guesses and conflated meanings? Estimating the size of the sex worker population in Britain","volume":"29","author":"Cusick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Soc Policy"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2016.1265356","article-title":"A global overview of male escort websites","volume":"64","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.21","first-page":"A309","article-title":"P712\u2005\u201cyou need a cash buffer\u201d: male sex work and condom use in the era of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis","volume":"95","author":"Callander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.22","unstructured":"Krippendorff K . Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Thousands Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2012."},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.23","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) . Disclosure of HIV status, HIV risk reduction tool kit. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), 2019. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/hivrisk\/decreased_risk\/communication\/disclosure.html"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120412331292405"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.014431"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000714","article-title":"Rising Chlamydia and gonorrhoea incidence and associated risk factors among female sex workers in Australia","volume":"45","author":"Callander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.27","unstructured":"Scarlet Alliance . COVID-19 and risk reduction for sex workers. Sydney, NSW: Scarlet Alliance Australian Sex Workers Association, 2020. http:\/\/www.scarletalliance.org.au\/COVID-19\/"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-008-9316-5"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182968d39"},{"key":"2024092304151012000_97.2.93.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1177\/1440783313480416","article-title":"\u2018You can do it from your sofa\u2019: The increasing popularity of the internet as a working site among male sex workers in Melbourne","volume":"51","author":"McLean","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Soc"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054550","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T17:57:25Z","timestamp":1727114245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054550","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]}}}