{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:45:48Z","timestamp":1782513948112,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current guidelines for women do not include extragenital screening for<jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>(CT) and<jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>(NG) and do not mention anal sex behaviour. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the number of potentially missed CT and NG cases by relying on urogenital screening and self-reported anal sex behaviour among women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Demographic and clinical data of 4658 women attending a community health centre in Los Angeles, California, USA from 2015 to 2018 were examined. CT and NG were detected using nucleic acid amplification test (APTIMA Combo 2, Hologic Gen-Probe, San Diego, California). Demographic and behavioural factors were also examined to assess potentially missed NG\/CT cases. Multivariable regression analyses were used to determine whether reported anal sex behaviour predicts NG\/CT rectal infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 193 NG cases and 552 CT cases were identified; however, 53.9% of NG cases and 25.5% of CT cases were identified exclusively through extragenital screening. Of all positive cases of rectal CT, 87.0% did not report anal sex without a condom and 91.3% did not report any anal sex with their last sexual partner. Of all positive cases of rectal NG, 78.9% did not report anal sex without a condom and 76.3% did not report any anal sex with their last sexual partner. Anal sex with last partner was not predictive of NG\/CT rectal infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relying solely on urogenital screening and reported behaviour misses NG\/CT cases. Extragenital NG\/CT screening should be conducted in all women regardless of reported anal sex behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T21:42:27Z","timestamp":1608759747000},"page":"601-606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evidence supporting the standardisation of extragenital gonorrhoea and chlamydia screenings for women"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3230-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamieson Trevor","family":"Jann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7695-5036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole J","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6651-1765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan D","family":"Assaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert K","family":"Bolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092104000852000_97.8.601.1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 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