{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:03:49Z","timestamp":1790391829645,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012319","name":"National Center for Global Health and Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19A1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19A1002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012319","name":"National Center for Global Health and Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19A1003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19A1003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010877","name":"ViiV Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ViiV Ref. 209459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ViiV Ref. 209459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess whether pooled sample testing with nucleic acid amplification tests was a potential alternative to three single-site sample testing to screen for<jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>infections in asymptomatic men who have sex with men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prospectively compared pooled sample testing with single-site sample testing in asymptomatic MSM. Self-obtained paired rectal samples, one gargle sample and one first-void urine sample were collected from participants to generate two sets of samples: one for pooled sample testing and the other for single-site testing. We used modified pooled sampling, which is defined as the use of gargle samples, instead of swabs, for the pooled sample to test for pharyngeal infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study included 513 MSM. The positive rates of<jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>were 20.3% and 11.7%, respectively, for single-site sample testing. Compared with the sensitivity of single-site testing as the gold standard, the sensitivities of pooled sample testing for<jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>were 94.2% (95% CI 88.0% to 97.3%) and 98.3% (95% CI 90.9% to 99.9%), respectively. The concordance rate and kappa coefficient were 98.3% (95% CI 96.7% to 99.2%) and 0.945 (95% CI 0.859 to 1.000), respectively, for<jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>and 98.8% (95% CI 90.1% to 100%) and 0.943 (95% CI 0.857 to 1.000), respectively, for<jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The modified pooled sampling had a comparably high consistency with single-site sample testing. The results strongly suggest that the gargle sample is suitable as a part of pooled sample for STI screening of<jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T21:25:53Z","timestamp":1603229153000},"page":"324-328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Modified self-obtained pooled sampling to screen for<i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>and<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>infections in men who have sex with men"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5520-2780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naokatsu","family":"Ando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Mizushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3190-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misao","family":"Takano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Shiojiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Uemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"AOKI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuaki","family":"Yanagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimi","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9191-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Gatanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30310-9"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6404a1"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5758387","article-title":"Extragenital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a review of the literature","volume":"2016","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220072","article-title":"High prevalence and incidence of rectal Chlamydia\u00a0infection among men who have sex with men in Japan","volume":"14","author":"Mizushima","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/sh15175"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.6","unstructured":"Anonymous . posting date. Australian Sexually Transmitted Infection & HIV Testing Guidelines 2019: For asymptomatic men who have sex with men, 1 September 2019. Available: https:\/\/stipu.nsw.gov.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/STIGMA_Guidelines2019_Final-1.pdf [Accessed 14 Aug 2020]."},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.7","article-title":"United Kingdom national guideline on the sexual health care of men who have sex with men","volume":"2018","author":"Clutterbuck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02460-15"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH19028"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2018.1545376","article-title":"Take three, test one: a cross-sectional study to evaluate the molecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in pooled pharyngeal, anorectal and urine samples versus single-site testing among men who have sex with men in Belgium","volume":"75","author":"De Baetselier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01969","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01969-19","article-title":"Pooling pharyngeal, anorectal, and urogenital samples for screening asymptomatic men who have sex with men for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"58","author":"Durukan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053303"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000722"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa377","article-title":"Gargle lavage as a safe and sensitive alternative to swab samples to diagnose COVID-19: a case report in Japan","volume":"71","author":"Saito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-258","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of gargling for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections","volume":"8","author":"Sakai","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-008-0649-5","article-title":"Pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae detection in oral-throat wash specimens of male patients with urethritis","volume":"14","author":"Takahashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2006.01733.x"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2017.06.011","article-title":"The detection of microorganisms related to urethritis from the oral cavity of male patients with urethritis","volume":"23","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.032193"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.05.010"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01215","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01215-20","article-title":"Changing from clinician-collected to self-collected throat swabs for oropharyngeal gonorrhea and Chlamydia screening among men who have sex with men","volume":"58","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku574"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.23","first-page":"4","article-title":"Uk national guideline for the management of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"2020","author":"Fifer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2024092104001026000_97.5.324.24","unstructured":"Anonymous . Posting date. Australian sexually transmitted infection management guidelines: gonorrhoea, 2019. Available: http:\/\/www.sti.guidelines.org.au\/sexually-transmissible-infections\/gonorrhoea [Accessed 14 Aug 2020]."}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054666","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T11:01:46Z","timestamp":1726916506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054666","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]}}}