{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T22:27:02Z","timestamp":1776205622041,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Global data show that transgender people (TGP) are disproportionally affected by HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs); however, data are scarce for Western European countries. We assessed gender identities, sexual behaviour, HIV prevalence and STI positivity rates, and compared these outcomes between TGP who reported sex work and those who did not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively retrieved data from all TGP who were tested at the STI clinics of Amsterdam and The Hague, the Netherlands in 2017\u20132018. To identify one\u2019s gender identity, a \u2018two-step\u2019 methodology was used assessing, first, the assigned gender at birth (assigned male at birth (AMAB)) or assigned female at birth), and second, clients were asked to select one gender identity that currently applies: (1) transgender man\/transgender woman, (2) man and woman, (3) neither man nor woman, (4) other and (5) not known yet. HIV prevalence, bacterial STI (chlamydia, gonorrhoea and\/or infectious syphilis) positivity rates and sexual behaviour were studied using descriptive statistics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>TGP reported all five categories of gender identities. In total 273 transgender people assigned male at birth (TGP-AMAB) (83.0%) and 56 transgender people assigned female at birth (TGP-AFAB) (17.0%) attended the STI clinics. Of TGP-AMAB, 14,6% (39\/267, 95%\u2009CI 10.6% to 19.4%) were HIV-positive, including two new diagnoses and bacterial STI positivity was 15.0% (40\/267, 95%\u2009CI 10.9% to 19.8%). Among TGP-AFAB, bacterial STI positivity was 5.6% (3\/54, 95%\u2009CI 1.2% to 15.4%) and none were HIV-positive. Sex work in the past 6\u2009months was reported by 53.3% (137\/257, 95%\u2009CI 47.0% to 59.5%) of TGP-AMAB and 6.1% (3\/49, 95%\u2009CI 1.3% to 16.9%) of TGP-AFAB. HIV prevalence did not differ between sex workers and non-sex workers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of all TGP, the majority were TGP-AMAB of whom more than half engaged in sex work. HIV prevalence and STI positivity rates were substantial among TGP-AMAB and much lower among TGP-AFAB. Studies should be performed to provide insight into whether the larger population of TGP-AMAB and TGP-AFAB are at risk of HIV and STI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T19:42:03Z","timestamp":1618861323000},"page":"188-196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["HIV and STI positivity rates among transgender people attending two large STI clinics in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7449-3475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Dr\u00fcckler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5690-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ceranza","family":"Daans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0512-2109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elske","family":"Hoornenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"De Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"den Heijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Kuizenga Wessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"van Rooijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022100410401128000_98.3.188.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70315-8"},{"key":"2022100410401128000_98.3.188.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH17050"},{"key":"2022100410401128000_98.3.188.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.02.007"},{"key":"2022100410401128000_98.3.188.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001087"},{"key":"2022100410401128000_98.3.188.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50322"},{"key":"2022100410401128000_98.3.188.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2014.867572"},{"key":"2022100410401128000_98.3.188.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31816e3971"},{"key":"2022100410401128000_98.3.188.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-008-9396-z"},{"key":"2022100410401128000_98.3.188.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001096"},{"key":"2022100410401128000_98.3.188.10","unstructured":"Center of Excellence for Transgender Health . 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