{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T06:09:39Z","timestamp":1793167779436,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","funder":[{"name":"New Zealand AIDS Foundation","award":["New Zealand AIDS Foundation Fellowship (no award n"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["New Zealand AIDS Foundation Fellowship (no award n"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001504","name":"New Zealand Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Globally, gay and bisexual men (GBM) are over-represented in HIV, syphilis and gonorrhoea cases. However, surveillance systems rarely provide meaningful measures of inequity, such as population-specific rates, due to a lack of sexual orientation denominators. HIV, gonorrhoea and syphilis are legally notifiable diseases in New Zealand (NZ); we calculate rates by sexual orientation for the first time.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We analysed 2019 national surveillance data on HIV, syphilis and gonorrhoea notifications disaggregated by sexual orientation. Unique health records identified duplicate notifications and reinfections. Missing data were imputed from known cases. We used the NZ Health Survey 2014\/2015 to estimate population sizes by sexual orientation, measured in two ways (current sexual identity, sexual contact in the previous 12 months with men, women or both). We calculated notification rates per 100\u2009000 for each sexual orientation subgroup and rate ratios.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n In 2019, GBM accounted for 76.3%, 65.7% and 39.4% of HIV, syphilis and gonorrhoea notifications, respectively. Population rates per 100\u2009000 for HIV were 158.3 (gay\/bisexual men) and 0.5 (heterosexuals); for syphilis, population rates per 100\u2009000 were 1231.1 (gay\/bisexual men), 5.0 (lesbian\/bisexual women) and 7.6 (heterosexuals); for gonorrhoea (imputed), population rates per 100\u2009000 were 6843.2 (gay\/bisexual men), 225.1 (lesbian\/bisexual women) and 120.9 (heterosexuals). The rate ratios for GBM compared with heterosexuals were: 348.3 (HIV); 162.7 (syphilis); and 56.6 (gonorrhoea). Inequities remained in sensitivity analysis (substituting sexual identity with sexual behaviour in the previous 12 months).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n GBM in NZ experience profound inequities in HIV, syphilis and gonorrhoea. Rate ratios by sexual orientation provide useful \u2018at-a-glance\u2019 measures of inequity in disease incidence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T13:31:19Z","timestamp":1630675879000},"page":"376-379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Population rates of HIV, gonorrhoea and syphilis diagnoses by sexual orientation in New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8696-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J W","family":"Saxton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7881-6622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan M","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callum E","family":"Thirkell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian H","family":"Ludlam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerram P","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9091-496X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew T","family":"Anglemyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia C","family":"Priest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard J B","family":"Sonder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022072507400901000_98.5.376.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e396","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30043-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and prevention of sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men at risk of HIV","volume":"6","author":"Chow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2022072507400901000_98.5.376.2","unstructured":"Public Health England . Inequalities in sexual health: update on HIV and STIs in men who have sex with men in London. London: Public Health England, 2016."},{"key":"2022072507400901000_98.5.376.3","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . HIV and men who have sex with men. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on partnership to fight HIV\/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2018 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC, 2020."},{"key":"2022072507400901000_98.5.376.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318230e1ca"},{"key":"2022072507400901000_98.5.376.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053363"},{"key":"2022072507400901000_98.5.376.6","unstructured":"Ministry of Health . Sexual orientation: findings from the 2014\/15 New Zealand health survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health, 2019."},{"key":"2022072507400901000_98.5.376.7","unstructured":"Guidance on infectious diseases management under the Health Act 1956. Available: https:\/\/www.health.govt.nz\/publication\/guidance-infectious-disease-management-under-health-act-1956 [Accessed 10 Feb 2017]."},{"key":"2022072507400901000_98.5.376.8","first-page":"31","article-title":"The first 30 years of HIV in New Zealand: review of the epidemiology","volume":"128","author":"Dickson","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"2022072507400901000_98.5.376.9","unstructured":"Syphilis, Chlamydia and gonorrhoea surveillance in New Zealand, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.esr.cri.nz\/our-services\/consultancy\/public-health\/sti\/syphilis-chlamydia-and-gonorrhoea-surveillance-in-new-zealand\/"},{"key":"2022072507400901000_98.5.376.10","unstructured":"Statistics New Zealand . Infoshare e-tables. Available: http:\/\/infoshare.stats.govt.nz\/"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T10:40:50Z","timestamp":1658745650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055186","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]}}}