{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:40:55Z","timestamp":1788910855952,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011334","name":"Health Innovation, Investment and Research Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), an STI, is reported to be highly prevalent in Indigenous communities in Central Australia. HTLV-1 is an incurable, chronic infection which can cause Adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma (ATL). ATL is associated with high morbidity and mortality, with limited treatment options. We studied the prevalence of HTLV-1 and ATL in the state of Queensland, Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum samples stored at healthcare services in Brisbane, Townsville and Cairns and at haemodialysis units in Brisbane (2018\u20132019) were screened for HTLV-1\/2 antibodies using the Abbott ARCHITECT chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) for antibodies against gp46-I, gp46-II and GD21 (Abbott CMIA, ARCHITECT). Reactive samples were confirmed through Western blot. Pooled Australian National Cancer Registry surveillance data reporting on cases coded for ATL (2004\u20132015) were analysed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two out of 2000 hospital and health services samples were confirmed HTLV-1-positive (0.1%, 95%\u2009CI 0.02% to 0.4%), both in older women, one Indigenous and one non-Indigenous. All 540 haemodialysis samples tested negative for HTLV. All samples were HTLV-2-negative. Ten out of 42 (24.8%) reported cases of ATL in Australia were from Queensland (crude incidence rate 0.025\/100 000; 95%\u2009CI 0.011 to 0.045); most cases were seen in adult men of non-Indigenous origin. Nineteen deaths due to ATL were recorded in Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We confirm that HTLV-1 and ATL were detected in Queensland in Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. These results highlight the need for HTLV-1 prevalence studies in populations at risk of STIs to allow the implementation of focused public health sexual and mother-to-child transmission prevention strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T17:26:43Z","timestamp":1651858003000},"page":"50-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 and Adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma in Queensland, Australia: a retrospective cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4487-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles F","family":"Gilks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Gibb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Protani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fleur","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M","family":"Redmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Neilsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mudge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enzo","family":"Binotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme R","family":"Nimmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Heney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-7-555"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.1.57"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171303","article-title":"HTLV-1 is predominantly sexually transmitted in Salvador, the city with the highest HTLV-1 prevalence in Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v8020040","article-title":"Mother-to-Child transmission of HTLV-1 epidemiological aspects, mechanisms and determinants of mother-to-child transmission","volume":"8","author":"Percher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.0669"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91298-5"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.8","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . Geographical distribution of areas with a high prevalence of HTLV-1 infection. Stockholm, 2015."},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.00285"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3366-5","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in an Indigenous Australian population: epidemiological insights from a hospital-based cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Einsiedel","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009915"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.191239"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.10.010","article-title":"HTLV-1 is rare in far North Queensland despite a significant burden of classically associated diseases","volume":"51","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16318","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma in Brazil: a rare disease or rarely diagnosed?","volume":"188","author":"Rosadas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15160","article-title":"Overrepresentation of patients from HTLV-1 endemic countries among T cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the Netherlands: an indication of under-diagnosis of adult T cell leukaemia\/lymphoma","volume":"184","author":"van Tienen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.50.16","unstructured":"TheWorld Health Organisation . 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