{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:09:36Z","timestamp":1791544176714,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Online testing for STIs may help overcome barriers of traditional face-to-face testing, such as stigma and inconvenience. However, regulation of these online tests is lacking, and the quality of services is variable, with potential short-term and long-term personal, clinical and public health implications. This study aimed to evaluate online self-testing and self-sampling service providers in the UK against national standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Providers of online STI tests (self-sampling and self-testing) in the UK were identified by an internet search of Google and Amazon (June 2020). Website information on tests and associated services was collected and further information was requested from providers via an online survey, sent twice (July 2020, April 2021). The information obtained was compared with British Association for Sexual Health and HIV and Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare guidelines and standards for diagnostics and STI management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>31 providers were identified: 13 self-test, 18 self-sample and 2 laboratories that serviced multiple providers. Seven responded to the online survey. Many conflicts with national guidelines were identified, including: lack of health promotion information, lack of sexual history taking, use of tests licensed for professional-use only marketed for self-testing, inappropriate infections tested for, incorrect specimen type used and lack of advice for postdiagnosis management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Very few online providers met the national STI management standards assessed, and there is concern that this will also be the case for service provision aspects that were not covered by this study. For-profit providers were the least compliant, with concerning implications for patient care and public health. Regulatory change is urgently needed to ensure that all online providers are compliant with national guidelines to ensure high-quality patient care, and providers are held to account if non-compliant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T20:05:12Z","timestamp":1649793912000},"page":"14-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Assessment of online self-testing and self-sampling service providers for sexually transmitted infections against national standards in the UK in 2020"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6871-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor","family":"Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paddy J","family":"Horner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8152-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katy M E","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1432-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma Michele","family":"Harding-Esch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.14.1","unstructured":"WHO . Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021, 2016. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/rtis\/ghss-stis\/en\/ [Accessed Jun 2021]."},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.14.2","unstructured":"Public Health England . Sexually transmitted infections and screening for Chlamydia in England, 2019, 2020. Available: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/914249\/STI_NCSP_report_2019.pdf [Accessed Jun 2021]."},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.14.3","unstructured":"Public Health England . The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prevention, testing, diagnosis and care for sexually transmitted infections, HIV and viral hepatitis in England, 2020. Available: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/943657\/Impact_of_COVID-19_Report_2020.pdf [Accessed Jun 2021]."},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.14.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041340"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.14.5","unstructured":"Public Health England . HIV testing and Self-Testing: information, 2015. Available: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/769460\/HIV_Self-Testing_PHE_Position_v13_-_Nov_15_updated.pdf [Accessed Jun 2021]."},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.14.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001401"},{"key":"2023101000001315000_99.1.14.7","unstructured":"British Association for Sexual Health and HIV . BASHH standards for the management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 2019. 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