{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:44:38Z","timestamp":1778636678112,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21H03203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H03203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has had variable effects on the rates of STIs reported across the globe. This study sought to assess how the number of STI reports changed during the pandemic in Japan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used national infectious disease surveillance data from the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Tokyo, Japan) for the period between January 2013 and December 2021. We compared reported rates of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, condyloma acuminata and genital herpes, as well as total notifications for HIV\/AIDS and syphilis during the pandemic versus previous years in Japan. We used a quasi-Poisson regression to determine whether any given week or month between January 2018 and December 2021 had a significant excess or deficit of STIs. Notification values above or below the 95% upper and lower prediction thresholds were considered as statistically significant. The start of the pandemic was defined as January 2020.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chlamydia generally remained within predicted range during the pandemic period. Reporting of gonorrhoea was significantly higher than expected throughout early-to-mid 2021 but otherwise generally remained within predicted range prior to 2021. Condyloma, herpes and HIV\/AIDS reporting were transiently significantly lower than expected throughout the pandemic period, but no significant periods of higher-than-expected reporting were detected. Syphilis showed widespread evidence of significantly lower-than-predicted reporting throughout 2020 but eventually reversed, showing significantly higher-than-predicted reporting in mid-to-late 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with variable changes in the reporting of STIs in Japan. Higher-than-predicted reporting was more likely to be observed in the later phases of the pandemic. These changes may have been attributable to pandemic-related changes in sexual behaviour and decreased STI clinic attendance and testing, but further research on the long-term impact of the pandemic on STIs is necessary.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T15:34:58Z","timestamp":1653320098000},"page":"sextrans-2021-055378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Recent changes in the reporting of STIs in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5942-1948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyrus","family":"Ghaznavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Tanoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akifumi","family":"Eguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Yoneoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9003-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruka","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4719-651X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Ishikane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5520-2780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naokatsu","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Miyazato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2963-7297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhei","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022052308212580000_sextrans-2021-055378v1.1","article-title":"The International sexual health and reproductive health survey (I-SHARE-1): a Multi-Country analysis of adults from 30 countries prior to and during the initial COVID-19 wave","author":"Erausquin","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2022052308212580000_sextrans-2021-055378v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054805"},{"key":"2022052308212580000_sextrans-2021-055378v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001506","article-title":"Trends in nationally notifiable sexually transmitted disease case reports during the US COVID-19 pandemic, January to December 2020","volume":"48","author":"Pagaoa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2022052308212580000_sextrans-2021-055378v1.4","unstructured":"National Institute for infectious disease. Implementation manual for the national epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases program. Available: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10900000\/000488981.pdf"},{"key":"2022052308212580000_sextrans-2021-055378v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.03.009"},{"key":"2022052308212580000_sextrans-2021-055378v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.101997","article-title":"The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic on notifiable infectious diseases in Taiwan: a database analysis","volume":"40","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022052308212580000_sextrans-2021-055378v1.7","unstructured":"AIDS Prevention Information Network . Situation in Japan: Committee on AIDS Trends [Nihon no joukyou: eizu doukou iinkai, in Japanese]. Available: https:\/\/api-net.jfap.or.jp\/status\/japan\/index.html"},{"key":"2022052308212580000_sextrans-2021-055378v1.8","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Infectious agents surveillance report","volume":"42","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022052308212580000_sextrans-2021-055378v1.9","unstructured":"Kitamura K , Ae R , Kosami M . Survey of Pregnancy and Contraceptive Awareness and Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Efforts to Raise Awareness and Create Educational Material for Youth [COVID-19no ryuukouka ni okeru, ninshin, hinin nitaisuru ishikitokoudou no jittaichousa oyobi jakunensha heno keihatsu\/kyouzaisakusei no torikumi, in Japanese]. 2021:78-171. The Effect of Self-Restraint during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Unexpected Pregnancies and a Study for the Establishment of Appropriate Support and Provision Systems for Women\u2019s Health [Shingatakoronauirusukansenshou ryuukoukano jishukuno eikyou yokisenu ninshin nadoni kansuru jittaichousa to joseinokenkou nitaisuru tekisetsuna shienteikyoutaiseikouchiku notamenokenkyuu]. Available: https:\/\/mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp\/system\/files\/report_pdf\/20CA2062-buntan4-1_1.pdf"},{"key":"2022052308212580000_sextrans-2021-055378v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2020.005","article-title":"Changing demography of genital chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, condyloma, and syphilis infections in Japan","volume":"74","author":"Yoshikura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055378","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T15:35:10Z","timestamp":1653320110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"references-count":10,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055378","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]}}}