{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:57:14Z","timestamp":1790128634190,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2022 mpox outbreak has infected over 30\u2009000 people in the USA, with cases declining since mid-August. Infections were commonly associated with sexual contact between men. Interventions to mitigate the outbreak included vaccination and a reduction in sexual partnerships. Understanding the contributions of these interventions to decreasing cases can inform future public health efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We fit a dynamic network transmission model to mpox cases reported by Washington DC through 10 January 2023. This model incorporated both vaccine administration data and reported reductions in sexual partner acquisition by gay, bisexual or other men who have sex with men (MSM). The model output consisted of daily cases over time with or without vaccination and\/or behavioural adaptation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that initial declines in cases were likely caused by behavioural adaptations. One year into the outbreak, vaccination and behavioural adaptation together prevented an estimated 84% (IQR 67% to 91%) of cases. Vaccination alone averted 79% (IQR 64% to 88%) of cases and behavioural adaptation alone averted 25% (IQR 10% to 42%) of cases. We further found that in the absence of vaccination, behavioural adaptation would have reduced the number of cases, but would have prolonged the outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that initial declines in cases were likely caused by behavioural adaptation, but vaccination averted more cases overall and was key to hastening outbreak conclusion. Overall, this indicates that outreach to encourage individuals to protect themselves from infection was vital in the early stages of the mpox outbreak, but that combination with a robust vaccination programme hastened outbreak conclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2023-055922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T13:20:47Z","timestamp":1701523247000},"page":"70-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Modelling the impact of vaccination and sexual behaviour adaptations on mpox cases in the USA during the 2022 outbreak"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3491-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick A","family":"Clay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M","family":"Asher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal","family":"Carnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8354-0464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey E","family":"Copen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin P","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily D","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Mermin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Still","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil T","family":"Mangla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian H","family":"Spicknall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024021922050586000_100.2.70.1","unstructured":"US Monkeypox Case Trends Reported to CDC | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC, Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/response\/2022\/mpx-trends.html [Accessed 25 Sep 2022]."},{"key":"2024021922050586000_100.2.70.2","unstructured":"U.S. Map & Case Count | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC, . 2022 Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/response\/2022\/us-map.html [Accessed 25 Aug 2022]."},{"key":"2024021922050586000_100.2.70.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7132e3","article-title":"Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of Monkeypox cases \u2014 United States, may 17\u2013July 22, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Philpott","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024021922050586000_100.2.70.4","unstructured":"Safer Sex, Social Gatherings, and Monkeypox | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC, Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/prevention\/sexual-health.html [Accessed 25 Sep 2022]."},{"key":"2024021922050586000_100.2.70.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7135e1","article-title":"Strategies adopted by gay, Bisexual, and other men who have sex with men to prevent Monkeypox virus transmission \u2014 United States","volume":"71","author":"Delaney","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024021922050586000_100.2.70.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7123e1"},{"key":"2024021922050586000_100.2.70.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7143e2","article-title":"Receipt of first and second doses of JYNNEOS vaccine for prevention of Monkeypox \u2014 United States, may 22\u2013October 10, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Kriss","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024021922050586000_100.2.70.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add4507"},{"key":"2024021922050586000_100.2.70.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss KM , Goodreau SM , Morris M , et al . 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The fading of the mpox outbreak among men who have sex with men: a mathematical modelling study. Public and Global Health [Preprint]. doi:10.1101\/2023.01.31.23285294","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.31.23285294"},{"key":"2024021922050586000_100.2.70.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38816-8"},{"key":"2024021922050586000_100.2.70.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang X-S , Mandal S , Mohammed H , et al . Transmission Dynamics and effect of control measures on the 2022 outbreak of Mpox among gay, Bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in England: a mathematical Modelling study. 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