{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:31:22Z","timestamp":1740133882934,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\nWe aimed to assess whether a self-collected oral rinse was non-inferior to clinician-collected oropharyngeal swabs to detect\n<jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n(Ng) using culture and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) among men who have sex with men (MSM), and whether Ng may still be detected in oral rinses for a minimum of 5\u2009days after collection.\n<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>MSM with a positive Ng result in an oropharyngeal or pooled sample (oropharynx, urethra and anorectum) were approached. Clinician-collected oropharyngeal swabs and oral rinses (15\u2009mL sterile water) were taken. Ng culture and NAAT (Abbott 2000m RealTime System CT\/NG assay and in-house PCR) were performed. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using sensitivity and specificity, and agreement between both techniques using Cohen\u2019s kappa statistic. Aliquots of positive oral rinses were left at room temperature for a minimum of 5\u2009days and reanalysed using NAAT. Lastly, participants filled in a questionnaire to explore perceptions of both methods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n    <jats:p>We included 100 participants between June 2022 and October 2023. 45 individuals (45 of 100) had a positive Ng result in either the oral rinses (42 of 45, 93%) or the swabs (36 of 45, 80%). Sensitivity was higher for oral rinses than swabs (sensitivity=0.93\/0.80, specificity=1.0\/1.0, respectively) and agreement between both techniques was good (kappa=0.75, p&lt;0.001). Of the 42 positive oral rinses, 37 remained positive after a minimum of 5\u2009days (88.1%). Using culture, 18 individuals had a positive Ng result in either the oral rinses (8 of 18, 44%) or the swabs (16 of 18, 88%). Most participants found the oral rinse easy or very easy to use and would be willing to use the oral rinse for home-based sampling.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We detected more oropharyngeal Ng infections via NAAT using oral rinses than swab samples. However, swabs were better than oral rinses for culturing Ng. Oral rinses might allow for home-based self-sampling to detect oropharyngeal Ng.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2023-056059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T17:20:11Z","timestamp":1711732811000},"page":"222-225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Self-sampling with oral rinse to detect oropharyngeal\n<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\namong men who have sex with men: results from an exploratory study in Belgium (the SSONG Study)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5541-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibaut","family":"Vanbaelen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lida","family":"van Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maartje","family":"van Frankenhuijsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Cuylaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorien","family":"Van den Bossche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2557-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1804-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irith","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024062021352495000_100.4.222.1","unstructured":"European Center for Disease Prevention and Control . Gonorrhoea annual epidemiological report for 2019. 2022."},{"key":"2024062021352495000_100.4.222.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25407","article-title":"Daily and event-driven pre-exposure prophylaxis for men who have sex with men in Belgium: results of a prospective cohort measuring adherence, sexual behaviour and STI incidence","volume":"22","author":"Vuylsteke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2024062021352495000_100.4.222.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.032193"},{"key":"2024062021352495000_100.4.222.4","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO Consolidated Guideline on Self-Care Interventions for Health: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights. WHO Consolidated Guideline on Self-Care Interventions for Health: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019."},{"key":"2024062021352495000_100.4.222.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.031443"},{"key":"2024062021352495000_100.4.222.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01215-20","article-title":"Changing from clinician-collected to self-collected throat swabs for oropharyngeal gonorrhea and Chlamydia screening among men who have sex with men","volume":"58","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024062021352495000_100.4.222.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2018.1545376"},{"key":"2024062021352495000_100.4.222.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.040634"},{"key":"2024062021352495000_100.4.222.9","unstructured":"Team RC . R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2022."},{"key":"2024062021352495000_100.4.222.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.05.010"},{"key":"2024062021352495000_100.4.222.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unemo M , Ross J , Serwin AB , et al . European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults. Int J STD AIDS 2020:956462420949126. doi:10.1177\/0956462420949126","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420949126"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2023-056059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T19:31:50Z","timestamp":1719257510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2023-056059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2023-056059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2023-056059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1368-4973"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-3263"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]}}}