{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:31:23Z","timestamp":1740133883806,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018336","name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunisation is recommended in the UK for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), data on immunisation coverage are limited. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HAV and HBV immunity among a sample of GBMSM attending sexual health services (SHS) in England.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Residual serum samples from HIV\/syphilis testing for adult GBMSM attending eight SHS in London and one in Leeds were tested for markers of HAV immunity (HAV IgG) and HBV immunity (anti-HBs) using an unlinked anonymous approach. We estimated seroprevalence of HAV and HBV immunity overall and stratified by individuals\u2019 characteristics, which we obtained from the Genitourinary Medicine Clinic Activity Dataset Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Surveillance System. We used logistic regression to calculate crude and adjusted ORs between seropositivity and demographic and clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seroprevalence of immunity to HAV (74.5% of 2577) and HBV (77.1% of 2551) was high. In adjusted analysis, HAV IgG seroprevalence varied by clinic and WHO region of birth (global p&lt;0.001 for each), increased with older age (ORs of 1.50 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.86), 2.91 (2.17 to 3.90) and 3.40 (2.44 to 4.75) for ages 26\u201335, 36\u201345 and &gt;46\u2009vs 18\u201325 years (global p&lt;0.001), was higher in those with an STI in the past year (1.58 (1.25 to 2.00); p&lt;0.001) and those who were living with HIV (1.82 (1.25 to 2.64); p&lt;0.001). Anti-HBs seroprevalence varied by clinic (global p&lt;0.001), increased with older age (global p&lt;0.001) and was higher in those with an STI in the past year (1.61 (1.27 to 2.05); p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings provide a baseline seroprevalence from which to monitor serial levels of immunity to HBV and HAV in GBMSM accessing SHS. Levels of immunity for both viruses are high, noting samples were taken after recent widespread outbreaks and vaccination campaigns. High vaccine coverage in all GBMSM should be maintained to prevent further outbreaks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T17:33:16Z","timestamp":1719423196000},"page":"281-287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence of immunity to hepatitis A and hepatitis B among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) attending sexual health clinics in London and Leeds, England, 2017\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5929-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Roche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hester","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2023-9353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Glancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anca-Maria","family":"Balan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bolea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamish","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Sabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samreen","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sema","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Public Health England . Acute hepatitis B (England): annual reports. 2019.","key":"2024090723500543000_100.5.281.1"},{"unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency . Hepatitis B in England, 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/hepatitis-b-in-england","key":"2024090723500543000_100.5.281.2"},{"unstructured":"Public Health England . Sentinel surveillance of blood borne virus testing in England 2019. 2021.","key":"2024090723500543000_100.5.281.3"},{"unstructured":"BASHH . BASHH National Guidelines for the Management of the Viral Hepatitides, 2015. Available: https:\/\/www.bashh.org\/documents\/New%20Viral%20Hepatitides%20FINAL%20DRAFT%20MAY15.pdf","key":"2024090723500543000_100.5.281.4"},{"unstructured":"BASHH . interim update of the 2015 BASHH National Guidelines for the Management of the Viral Hepatitides 2017, 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.bashhguidelines.org\/media\/1161\/viral-hepatitides-2017-update-18-12-17.pdf","key":"2024090723500543000_100.5.281.5"},{"key":"2024090723500543000_100.5.281.6","first-page":"100014","article-title":"Hepatitis A outbreak among men who have sex with men (MSM) in England, 2016\u20132018: the contribution of past and current vaccination policy and practice","volume":"1","author":"Plunkett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine: X"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndumbi P , Freidl GS , Williams CJ , et al . Hepatitis A outbreak disproportionately affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) in the European Union and European economic area. 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Event: Hepatitis B vaccine supplies have improved - vaccine now available for all indications 2018, 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/south\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/08\/briefing-note-hepb-shortage-20180806-letter-appended.pdf","key":"2024090723500543000_100.5.281.13"},{"key":"2024090723500543000_100.5.281.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.01.010","article-title":"Public health leadership in the UK\u2019s response to hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine shortages","volume":"38","author":"Mandal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"unstructured":"Public Health England . GUMCAD STI Surveillance System, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/gumcad-sti-surveillance-system","key":"2024090723500543000_100.5.281.15"},{"unstructured":"Hill-Tout R , Mitchell H , Hughes G . Hepatitis B vaccine coverage in MSM: a South West London audit. 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