{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:03:34Z","timestamp":1787501014050,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Becton Dickinson and Company","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The decision to use a particular test to diagnose patients presenting with symptoms of vaginitis and\/or STI is based primarily on the prevailing standards of care in the clinic at which the patient evaluation takes place. As a result, laboratory testing of vaginal samples for these patients often involves either an STI or a vaginitis test, but rarely both options simultaneously, which complicates the diagnosis and management of concurrent infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using de-identified remnant vaginal specimens from symptomatic patients previously tested for STI (\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CT),\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (GC) and\n                      <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (TV)) with the Becton Dickinson (BD) CTGCTV2 assay for BD MAX System, positivity for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp (associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC)) were evaluated using the molecular-based BD MAX Vaginal Panel.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The rate of STI\/BV co-infection was 79.4% (227\/286) in this symptomatic population, while that of STI\/VVC was 27.0% (77\/285). Women diagnosed with any one of the three STIs tested had an OR 2.86 (95% CI, 1.99, 4.11; p&lt;0.0001) for a concurrent BV infection and OR 0.96 (95% CI, 0.67, 1.37; p=0.8085) for infection with\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that women being tested for STI have a high prevalence of co-infection with BV and a lower, although appreciable, prevalence of co-infection with VVC. The detection of co-occurring vaginal infections can be facilitated by molecular testing using a single sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T13:21:15Z","timestamp":1725024075000},"page":"17-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comprehensive assessment of vaginal infections using a single swab"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3064-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Van Der Pol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheri","family":"Aycock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Kodsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Paradis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Torres-Chavolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Parvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2021.0143"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.2","first-page":"807","article-title":"Vaginitis","volume":"83","author":"Hainer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00252","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00252-18","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of a Molecular Test versus Clinician Assessment of Vaginitis","volume":"56","author":"Schwebke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.4","first-page":"853","article-title":"Performance of a Vaginal Panel Assay Compared With the Clinical Diagnosis of Vaginitis","volume":"138","author":"Broache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2023.1082429"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001306"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269852","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on gynecologic and obstetrical services at two large health systems","volume":"17","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy504"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2014.936691","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections in women","volume":"244","author":"Van Der Pol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.02.060"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.11.1312","article-title":"Co-infection of Bacterial Vaginosis and Mycoplasma Genitalium in Pregnant Women","volume":"226","author":"Cotter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.06.044","article-title":"Low prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in Kenyan adolescent girls and rapid incidence after first sex","volume":"229","author":"Roxby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.13","unstructured":"Van Der Pol B . The role of the vaginal swab in providing comprehensive sexual healthcare for women. Medical Laboratory Observer; 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.mlo-online.com\/disease\/stis-stds\/article\/21247023\/the-role-of-the-vaginal-swab-in-providing-comprehensive-sexual-healthcare-for-women"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001280"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.15","unstructured":"BD MAX\u2122 Vaginal Panel for BD MAX\u2122 System [package insert; 2019-02]. Sparks-Glencoe, USA Becton, Dickinson and Company."},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0288"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201200186"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2017.42.2.152"},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.19","unstructured":"Team RC . 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MSOR connections; 2014."},{"key":"2025012910100556000_101.1.17.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052988"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T13:14:51Z","timestamp":1738156491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056263","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}}}