{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T15:02:56Z","timestamp":1776351776683,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate the urethral carriage rate of\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated in men who have sex with men and to describe the clinical characteristics of carriers. We performed an analysis of the resistance determinants, virulence factors and the genetic phylogeny of the isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinical data were obtained from 234 patients attending the infectious diseases unit at the \u00c1lvaro Cunqueiro Hospital (Vigo, Spain) between 2021 and 2023.\n                      <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated in urethral samples was subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The urethral carriage rate was 25%. None of the risk factors studied (received antimicrobial therapy in the previous month, HIV status, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) use and age) were related to a higher carriage rate. Neither multidrug-resistant (MDR), the presence of a capsule, nor virulence factors were useful to distinguish asymptomatic carriage from acute urethritis (urethral discharge, dysuria, irritation). Nearly half the isolates (48%) met the criteria for MDR. Furthermore, the\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTXM-15<\/jats:sub>\n                      gene was found in two isolates that were highly resistant to ceftriaxone (CRO). The other 22 CRO-resistant strains had low minimum inhibitory concentrations and showed alterations in the transpeptidase domain of penicillin-binding protein 3. Moreover, resistance to CRO was high (37%). Most of our urethral strains grouped into one cluster, and this difference was statistically significant when the phylogenetic analysis was performed with samples from different anatomical origins.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The increase in\n                      <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains isolated in the urethra belonging to only one cluster is worrying. Moreover, the isolation of strains increasingly resistant to different groups of antimicrobials highlights the need for close monitoring of the evolution of resistance and the transmission of these resistant strains in the future. Larger studies should be planned to establish the epidemiological relevance of these difficult-to-treat MDR bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2025-056524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T19:00:20Z","timestamp":1753210820000},"page":"152-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Emergence of multidrug-resistant\n                    <i>Haemophilus parainfluenzae<\/i>\n                    isolates from urethral samples in men who have sex with men"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3426-6150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anniris","family":"Rincon-Quintero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-2219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Davina-Nunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infectology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1211-5935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"De Malet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology and Infectology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4621-141X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bitalio Jhon","family":"Monta\u00f1o Barrientos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7825-0817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Men\u00e9ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology and Infectology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4836-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1734-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Perez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology and Infectology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8222-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Cortizo-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3176-9758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ocampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"},{"name":"Group of Infectious disease research, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1565-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Potel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041607151279000_102.3.152.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2021.4.468","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory differences between male urethral infections due to Haemophilus spp. and those due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum: A descriptive study","volume":"93","author":"Vives","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"2026041607151279000_102.3.152.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052135"},{"key":"2026041607151279000_102.3.152.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2022.02.014","article-title":"Clinical significance of isolation of Haemophilus no ducreyi in genital samples. 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