{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T10:05:15Z","timestamp":1784196315290,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prevalences of\n                      <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (TV) in Europe are low and consequently marginally tested by Dutch sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinics. We routinely tested all patients on all anatomical sites. We aimed to assess trends, prevalences among key populations and at different anatomical sites, as well as predictors of being TV positive to inform future testing practices and guideline development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed between 2014 and 2022, using STI clinic data. Trends and positivity rates among key populations and anatomical locations were assessed using descriptive analyses. Sociodemographics and sexual behaviour variables were analysed to assess predictors of being TV positive, using multivariable regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 37 577 consultations were performed in which patients were tested for TV; 16 075 among women and 21 502 among men. Overall TV positivity was 0.9% (145\/16 075) among women and 0.3% (54\/21 502) among men, and highest among women with a Netherlands Antillean ethnic background with 5.2% (11\/212). TV positivity was lowest at the pharyngeal anatomical site (0.1%), followed by anorectal site (0.2%) and the urogenital anatomical site (0.5%).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The following predictors of being TV positive were tested significant for men: being older (\u226540 years, OR=5.1), having a Surinamese (OR=6.8) or Netherlands Antillean (OR=7.4) ethnic background and being gonorrhoea positive (OR=2.1). For women, the following predictors tested significant: being older (\u226540 years, OR=3.3), having an Eastern European (OR=3.1), Western European (OR=2.2), Netherlands Antillean (OR=7.8) or Mid and South African (OR=4.0) ethnic background, having STI symptoms (OR=2.6) and being gonorrhoea positive (OR=2.6).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on our results of 9 years of screening in an STI clinic setting, routine universal testing for TV is unnecessary. Testing patients, particularly women, is only required in symptomatic cases and might be considered in cases with an Eastern European, Netherlands Antillean or Mid and South African ethnic background.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2025-056676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T08:00:23Z","timestamp":1762848023000},"page":"292-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in prevalence of\n                    <i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>\n                    among patients of an STI clinic in the Netherlands: a 9-year retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0675-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina J G","family":"Kampman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexual Health, Public Health Service Twente, Enschede, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Femke D H","family":"Koedijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Public Health Service Twente, Enschede, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Froukje","family":"Bosma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health, Hengelo, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannine","family":"Hautvast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian JPA","family":"Hoebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, South Limburg Public Health Services, Geleen, Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, LI, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2015.1105782"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.05.006"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2023.02.001"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.228486"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.5","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Key data at a glance. in: global progress report on hiv, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021: accountability for the global health sector strategies 2016-2021: actions for impact. who 2021: web annex 1."},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105058"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.7","unstructured":"Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu . Rijksinstituut voor volksgezondheid en milieu. het consult seksuele gezondheid, hoofdstuk 6: testbeleid. RIVM; 2024. Available: https:\/\/lci.rivm.nl\/draaiboeken\/consult-seksuele-gezondheid"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.8","unstructured":"Kayaert L , Sarink M , Willemstein IJM , et al . Sexually transmitted infections in the Netherlands in 2023. RIVM; 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.rivm.nl\/publicaties\/sexually-transmitted-infections-in-netherlands-in-2023"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.9","unstructured":"Vriend HJ , Koedijk FDH , Broek IVF , et al . Sexually transmitted infections, including hiv, in the Netherlands in 2009. RIVM; 2010."},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-051010"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04061-w","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis including relevant resistance-associated mutations in a single center in the Netherlands","volume":"40","author":"Nijhuis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac030"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318177ec39"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.14","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . STI treatment guidelines; tv. CDC; 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/treatment-guidelines\/TV.htm"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313X16682132","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X16682132","article-title":"Can TV cause pharyngitis? A case report","volume":"4","author":"Carter-Wicker","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624221103035","article-title":"British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) United Kingdom national guideline on the management of Trichomonas vaginalis 2021","volume":"33","author":"Sherrard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.17","unstructured":"NHG . NHG standaard: het soa-consult. Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap; 2022."},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052118"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00748-12"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200004000-00010"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522532"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000179874.76360.ad"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208315","article-title":"Understanding the burden of bacterial sexually transmitted infections and Trichomonas vaginalis among black Caribbeans in the United Kingdom: Findings from a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Wayal","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052660"},{"key":"2026071602100838000_102.5.292.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.04.029","article-title":"Is the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis a reliable predictor of coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and\/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae in female ED patients?","volume":"23","author":"White","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2025-056676","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:10:19Z","timestamp":1784193019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2025-056676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2025-056676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2025-056676","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]}}}