{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:04:04Z","timestamp":1780509844682,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012095","name":"Scottish Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Core funding for Public Health Scotland"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Core funding for Public Health Scotland"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) are at increased risk of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and subsequent development of anal cancer. An opportunistic HPV vaccination programme for GBMSM and those at similar risk for HPV infection was launched in Scotland in July 2017 using the quadrivalent vaccine. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the HPV vaccination programme for GBMSM by monitoring changes in the prevalence of HPV types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A repeated cross-sectional study was undertaken collecting and HPV typing rectal swab samples from men in a city centre sexual health clinic. A baseline sample and three subsequent samples were taken for the 4 years following the introduction of the programme.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, HPV prevalence was high across all sample years, particularly in 2019\/2020. Prevalence of quadrivalent vaccine targeted types decreased by 23% (PR 0.77, 95%\u2009CI 0.70 to 0.86, p&lt;0.001) in the most recent sample taken in 2021 compared with the baseline. Other high-risk HPV types increased in each sample year and were 25% higher (PR 1.25, 95%\u2009CI 1.12 to 1.40, p&lt;0.001) in the 2021 sample compared with baseline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reductions in vaccine targeted types are encouraging and may reflect direct protection offered by the GBMSM vaccination programme or a combination of direct and modest indirect protection from the routine programme. These findings support HPV vaccination as an effective method of anal cancer prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2026-056940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:20:50Z","timestamp":1780507250000},"page":"sextrans-2026-056940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anal HPV type prevalence in gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men following an opportunistic HPV vaccination programme in Scotland: a repeated cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5439-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross Liam","family":"Cameron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Cuschieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Human Papillomavirus Reference Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"HPV Research Group, Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linzi","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Human Papillomavirus Reference Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30653-9","article-title":"Human papillomavirus types from infection to cancer in the anus, according to sex and HIV status: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4193","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4771","article-title":"HPV status and HPV16 viral load in anal cancer and its association with clinical outcome","volume":"11","author":"Guerendiain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.3","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK . Anal cancer incidence statistics, 2015. Available: https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics\/statistics-by-cancer-type\/anal-cancer\/incidence#heading-Two [Accessed 18 Aug 2025]."},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000842","article-title":"Global trends in anal cancer incidence and mortality","volume":"33","author":"Mignozzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20365"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33185"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70080-3"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.3485"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.9","unstructured":"UK Government . HPV vaccination of men who have sex with men: JCVI statement, Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/jcvi-statement-on-hpv-vaccination-of-men-who-have-sex-with-men [Accessed 18 Aug 2025]."},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.10","unstructured":"Chief Medical Officer . Introduction of HPV vaccination programme for men who have sex with men (MSM). 2017."},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.11","unstructured":"JCVI . JCVI statement on a one-dose schedule for the routine HPV immunisation programme, Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/single-dose-of-hpv-vaccine-jcvi-concluding-advice\/jcvi-statement-on-a-one-dose-schedule-for-the-routine-hpv-immunisation-programme [Accessed 18 Aug 2025]."},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.12","unstructured":"Public Health Scotland . HPV vaccination statistics for men who have sex with men, Scotland\u20148 year period ending 30 June 2025, 2025. Available: https:\/\/publichealthscotland.scot\/publications\/hpv-vaccination-statistics-for-men-who-have-sex-with-men-scotland\/hpv-vaccination-statistics-for-men-who-have-sex-with-men-scotland-8-year-period-ending-30-june-2025 [Accessed 23 Dec 2025]."},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.11.081","article-title":"HPV vaccine uptake in men who have sex with men in Scotland","volume":"37","author":"Pollock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine (Auckl)"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30468-1"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djad263"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.70183","article-title":"Sustained impact of bivalent HPV immunisation on CIN incidence over two rounds of cervical screening","volume":"158","author":"Palmer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.17","unstructured":"NHS Inform . How the NHS handles your personal health information, 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.nhsinform.scot\/care-support-and-rights\/health-rights\/confidentiality-and-data-protection\/how-the-nhs-handles-your-personal-health-information [Accessed 26 Apr 2024]."},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.18","unstructured":"Public Health Scotland . Personal data collection: our privacy notice, Available: https:\/\/publichealthscotland.scot\/our-privacy-notice\/personal-data-collection [Accessed 24 Dec 2025]."},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.19","unstructured":"IARC working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. human papillomaviruses. IARC Monographs, No.100B. Lyon: IARC; 2012."},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae394","article-title":"Vaccine effectiveness against anal HPV among men who have sex with men aged 18\u201345 years","volume":"231","author":"DeSisto","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000002192"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e531","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00108-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of anal HPV infection and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 29 900 men","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308238","article-title":"Transitions in sexual behaviour among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in England: Data from a prospective study","volume":"20","author":"Hanum","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa002","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of HPV infection in men having sex with men enrolled in a PrEP study","volume":"72","author":"Cotte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053668"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.26","unstructured":"Public Health Scotland . Sexually transmitted infections in Scotland 2015 to 2024, 2025. Available: https:\/\/publichealthscotland.scot\/publications\/sexually-transmitted-infections-in-scotland\/sexually-transmitted-infections-in-scotland-2015-to-2024 [Accessed 23 Dec 2025]."},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055039"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054768"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126177","article-title":"Assessing real-world vaccine effectiveness: Scotland\u2019s approach to HPV vaccine impact","volume":"42","author":"Cameron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine (Auckl)"},{"key":"2026060310203411000_sextrans-2026-056940v1.30","unstructured":"Chief Medical Officer . Extending the hpv vaccination programme. 2019."}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2026-056940","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:20:55Z","timestamp":1780507255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sextrans-2026-056940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/sextrans-2026-056940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2026-056940","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973","1472-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]}}}