{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T17:48:40Z","timestamp":1782409720648,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National prevalence estimates of chlamydia and gonorrhoea are essential to inform public health strategies and support evidence-based policy development. The aim was to generate national prevalence chlamydia and gonorrhoea estimates in 2022\/2023, identify associated risk factors and compare prevalence over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five years after the first survey in 2016\/2017, a second national cross-sectional probability sample survey about sexual health among men and women aged 16\u201334 years in the Netherlands was conducted between October 2022 and March 2023. Sexually active survey participants were invited to participate in the prevalence study and received a home-based sampling kit. Returned samples were tested for chlamydia and gonorrhoea in a laboratory (ie, nucleic acid amplification test). Weighting techniques were used to correct for selective non-response. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors of infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 6277 survey participants invited for the prevalence study, 1142 (18.2%) returned a specimen. The weighted overall chlamydia prevalence was 3.5% (95% CI 2.3% to 5.4%), and prevalence was higher in younger age groups (&lt;25 vs \u226525 years). Due to low numbers in other groups, risk factor analysis was only possible among women aged 18\u201324 years, where risk factors for chlamydia included being &lt;20 years, vocational education, no steady relationship and condomless sex. As in 2016\/2017, no gonorrhoea cases were detected in 2022\/2023. Chlamydia prevalence and associated risk factors did not change, except for higher prevalence among university-educated individuals in 2022\/2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chlamydia prevalence among young sexually active men and women in the Netherlands remained stable between 2016\/2017 and 2022\/2023, with higher prevalence observed in younger age groups in both studies. Given recent changes in chlamydia testing guidelines in the Netherlands towards more restrictive testing of asymptomatic individuals, probability sample surveys with laboratory-confirmed STI testing are crucial for monitoring prevalence trends and evaluating public health policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2026-056965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T17:25:34Z","timestamp":1782408334000},"page":"sextrans-2026-056965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["National prevalence estimates of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in the Netherlands (PECAN): comparison of two national cross-sectional surveys"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6562-7029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daphne A","family":"van Wees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease 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Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koenraad","family":"Vermey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soa Aids Nederland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"Hiemstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit H B","family":"van Benthem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janneke C M","family":"Heijne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases (AII), Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062510252416000_sextrans-2026-056965v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624251323678","article-title":"2025 European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections","volume":"36","author":"White","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2026062510252416000_sextrans-2026-056965v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956462420949126","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420949126","article-title":"2020 European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults","volume":"2020","author":"Unemo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J STD 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Sexually transmitted infections in the Netherlands in 2024. Bilthoven Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); 2025."},{"key":"2026062510252416000_sextrans-2026-056965v1.12","unstructured":"de Graaf H , Kraan Y , Oldenhof A , et al . Monitor sexual health\/Lifestyle monitor in 2023, Rutgers in collaboration with National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) and Statistics Netherlands (CBS), 2024. Available: https:\/\/rutgers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Rapport_monitor_seksuele_gezondheid_2023.pdf [Accessed 02 Sep 2025]."},{"key":"2026062510252416000_sextrans-2026-056965v1.13","unstructured":"de Graaf H , Oldenhof A , Kraan Y , et al . Seks under the age of 25\/Lifestyle monitor in 2023, Rutgers, STI Aids The Netherlands in collaboration with the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) and Statistics Netherlands (CBS), 2024. 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Available: https:\/\/rutgers.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Onderzoeksboek-Seks-onder-je-25e-2017.pdf [Accessed 02 Sep 2025]."},{"key":"2026062510252416000_sextrans-2026-056965v1.16","unstructured":"Luiten A . Responsverhogende maatregelen bij sociale statistieken. 2009. Available: https:\/\/www.cbs.nl\/nl-nl\/onze-diensten\/methoden\/statistische-methoden\/input\/input\/responsverhogende-maatregelen-bij-sociale-statistieken [Accessed 02 Sep 2025]."},{"key":"2026062510252416000_sextrans-2026-056965v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06886-6"},{"key":"2026062510252416000_sextrans-2026-056965v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051359"},{"key":"2026062510252416000_sextrans-2026-056965v1.19","unstructured":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing. [program]. 4.4.1 version. 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