{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:07:24Z","timestamp":1761988044455,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sex Transm Infect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> The epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in rural, developing world populations is poorly understood. We estimated the prevalence and risk factors of <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:italic>trachomatis<\/jats:italic> in a female population in rural Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We conducted a cross sectional study in a sample of 1177 postpartum women participating in a micronutrient supplementation trial in Nepal. Urine samples were collected to test for the two infections using the ligase chain reaction (LCR).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                  <jats:italic>C trachomatis<\/jats:italic> was detected in 1.0% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.4 to 1.5) and <jats:italic>N gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> in 2.3% (95% CI: 1.2 to 3.4) of women. None of the women tested positive for both. Self report of all three symptoms of lower abdominal pain, pain and burning on urination, and vaginal discharge was associated with the presence of gonorrhoea (odds ratio (OR): 12.1, 95% CI: 1.3 to 115.0). Neonatal eye discharge was associated with maternal gonococcal infection (OR\u200a=\u200a5.2, 95% CI: 1.1 to 24.9). Incidence of low birth weight was not related to these maternal infections, but very preterm delivery (&lt;32 weeks) was higher among women positive for gonorrhoea (OR\u200a=\u200a4.7, 95% CI: 1.0 to 22.0). In a multivariable analysis, low body mass index (&lt;18.5) and cattle ownership were associated with gonorrhoea (p &lt;0.05), whereas woman\u2019s literacy was associated with chlamydia (p\u200a=\u200a0.06).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> We found the rates of <jats:italic>N gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C trachomatis<\/jats:italic> to be low among women in this rural population of Nepal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.011817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,27]],"date-time":"2005-05-27T13:07:48Z","timestamp":1117199268000},"page":"254-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of chlamydia and gonorrhea among rural Nepali women"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"P","family":"Christian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S K","family":"Khatry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S C","family":"LeClerq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A A","family":"Roess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J D","family":"Yuenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J M","family":"Zenilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081305210702000_81.3.254.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections. Overview and estimates. Geneva: WHO, 2001."},{"key":"2025081305210702000_81.3.254.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.6.437","volume":"75","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2025081305210702000_81.3.254.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)74705-X","volume":"355","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025081305210702000_81.3.254.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1966461"},{"key":"2025081305210702000_81.3.254.5","first-page":"S145","volume":"3","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2025081305210702000_81.3.254.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199219020-00001"},{"key":"2025081305210702000_81.3.254.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunham R, Embree JE. Sexually transmitted infections in the third world: current and future dimensions of the problem in the third world. In: Germain KHA, Piot P, Wasserheit JN, eds. Reproductive tract infections: global impact and priorities for women\u2019s reproductive health. 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