{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T12:23:28Z","timestamp":1756383808212,"version":"3.35.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/sti.72.6.404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T21:44:35Z","timestamp":1226526275000},"page":"404-407","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Systemic gonococcal infection."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"J D","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780170503","article-title":"Editorial: Gonococcal infections and arthritis","volume":"17","author":"Sharp, J.T.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sharp JT. Editorial: Gonococcal infections and arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1974;17:511-2.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"482","article-title":"Septic gonococcal arthritis","volume":"1","author":"Barr, J.; Danielsson, D.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Barr J, Danielsson D. Septic gonococcal arthritis. BMJ3 1971;1:482-5."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198311000-00005","article-title":"Disseminated gonococcal infection: a prospective analysis of 49 patients and a review of pathophysiology and immune mechanisms","volume":"62","author":"O'Brien, J.P.; Goldenberg, D.L.; Rice, P.A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"O'Brien JP, Goldenberg DL, Rice PA. Disseminated gonococcal infection: a prospective analysis of 49 patients and a review of pathophysiology and immune mechanisms. Medicine 1983;62:395-406.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"523","article-title":"Septic arthritis in a general hospital 1966-1977","volume":"7","author":"Manshady, B.M.; Thompson, G.R.; Weiss, J.J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Manshady BM, Thompson GR, Weiss JJ. Septic arthritis in a general hospital 1966-1977. J Rheumatol 1980;7: 523-30.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"286","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated at St Mary's Hospital","volume":"69","author":"Renton, A.M.; Ison, C.A.; Whitaker, L.; Kirtland, K.; Kupek, E.; Harris, JR","year":"1980","unstructured":"Renton AM, Ison CA, Whitaker L, Kirtland K, Kupek E, Harris JR. Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated at St Mary's Hospital London, 1980-91. Genitourin Med 1993;69: 286-9.","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"issue":"9114","key":"ref_6","first-page":"3","article-title":"Increasing incidence of gonorrhoea and syphilis in homosexual men in Edinburgh","volume":"25","author":"Ross, J.D.C.; McMillan, A.; Young, H.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ross JDC, McMillan A, Young H. Increasing incidence of gonorrhoea and syphilis in homosexual men in Edinburgh. Comm Dis Env Health Scotland 1991;25 9114:3-4.","journal-title":"Comm Dis Env Health Scotland"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"89","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in tropical Africa. A review of the present situation","volume":"57","author":"Osoba, A.O.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Osoba AO. Sexually transmitted diseases in tropical Africa. A review of the present situation. Br 7 Venereal Dis 1981;57:89-94.","journal-title":"Br 7 Venereal Dis"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Infectious diseases: cases. In: Anonymous World Health Statistics 1980-81","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"1983","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Infectious diseases: cases. In: Anonymous World Health Statistics 1980-81. Geneva: WHO, 1983."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490230068030","article-title":"Confidential HIV testing and condom promotion in Africa. Impact on HIV and gonorrhea rates","volume":"268","author":"Allen, S.; Serufilira, A.; Bogaerts, J.; Van de Perre, P.; Nsengumuremyi, F.; Lindan, C.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Allen S, Serufilira A, Bogaerts J, Van de Perre P, Nsengumuremyi F, Lindan C, et al. Confidential HIV testing and condom promotion in Africa. Impact on HIV and gonorrhea rates. JAMA 1992;268:3338-43.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"109","key":"ref_10","first-page":"1448","article-title":"Gonococcal arthritis: pathogenesis, mechanism of recovery and treatment","volume":"1937","author":"Keefer, C.S.; Spink, W.W.","unstructured":"Keefer CS, Spink WW. Gonococcal arthritis: pathogenesis, mechanism of recovery and treatment. JAMA 1937; 109:1448-53.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.52.2.161","article-title":"Disseminated gonococcal infection. The tenosynovitis-dermatitis and suppurative arthritis syndromes","volume":"52","author":"Koss, P.G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Koss PG. Disseminated gonococcal infection. The tenosynovitis-dermatitis and suppurative arthritis syndromes. Cleve Clin Q 1985;52:161-73.","journal-title":"Cleve Clin Q"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.2.Suppl.S24","article-title":"Gene transfer in Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"2","author":"Biswas, G.D.; Thompson, S.A.; Sparling, P.F.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Biswas GD, Thompson SA, Sparling PF. Gene transfer in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989;2(suppl): S24-S28.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-74-6-979","article-title":"Disseminated gonococcal infection","volume":"74","author":"Holmes, K.K.; Counts, G.W.; Beaty, H.N.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Holmes KK, Counts GW, Beaty HN. Disseminated gonococcal infection. Ann Int Med 1971;74:979-93.","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.156.4.1235","article-title":"Activation of complement by serum-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Assembly of the membrane attack complex without subsequent cell death","volume":"156","author":"Harriman, G.R.; Podack, E.R.; Braude, A.I.; Corbeil, L.C.; Esser, A.F.; Curd, J.G.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Harriman GR, Podack ER, Braude AI, Corbeil LC, Esser AF, Curd JG. Activation of complement by serum-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Assembly of the membrane attack complex without subsequent cell death. Jf Exp Med 1982;156: 1235-49.","journal-title":"Jf Exp Med"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"776","article-title":"Gonococcal arthritis in pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Taylor, H.A.; Branford, S.A.; Patterson, S.P.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Taylor HA, Branford SA, Patterson SP. Gonococcal arthritis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1966;27:776-80.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"210","article-title":"Gonococcal arthritis: clinical features and results of penicillin therapy","volume":"1","author":"Garcia-Kutzbach, A.; Dismuke, S.E.; Masi, A.T.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Garcia-Kutzbach A, Dismuke SE, Masi AT. Gonococcal arthritis: clinical features and results of penicillin therapy. JRheumatol 1974;1:210-21.","journal-title":"JRheumatol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420230077009","article-title":"Gonococcal arthritis in an era of increasing penicillin resistance","volume":"154","author":"Wise, C.M.; Morris, C.R.; Wasilauskas, B.L.; Salzer, W.L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wise CM, Morris CR, Wasilauskas BL, Salzer WL. Gonococcal arthritis in an era of increasing penicillin resistance. Arch Int Med 1994;154:2690-5.","journal-title":"Arch Int Med"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"361","volume":"33","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1983","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Gonorrhoea-United States, 1983. MMWR 1984;33:361-3.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"126","article-title":"A case cluster of possible tissue invasive gonorrhoea","volume":"71","author":"Brook, M.G.; Clark, S.; Stirland, A.; Kelsey, M.C.; Paice, E.W.; Kell, P.D.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brook MG, Clark S, Stirland A, Kelsey MC, Paice EW, Kell PD, et al. A case cluster of possible tissue invasive gonorrhoea. Genitourin Med 1995;71:126-8.","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1126\/science.405742","article-title":"Asymptomatic gonorrhea in men: caused by gonococci with unique nutritional requirements","volume":"196","author":"Crawford, G.; Knapp, J.S.; Hale, J.; Holmes, K.K.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Crawford G, Knapp JS, Hale J, Holmes KK. Asymptomatic gonorrhea in men: caused by gonococci with unique nutritional requirements. Science 1977; 196:1352-3.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.2.204","article-title":"Disseminated gonococcal infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae with unique nutritional requirements","volume":"132","author":"Knapp, J.S.; Holmes, K.K.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Knapp JS, Holmes KK. Disseminated gonococcal infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae with unique nutritional requirements. J Infect Dis 1975; 132:204-8.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.124.5.2105","article-title":"Natural serum bactericidal activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from disseminated, locally invasive, and uncomplicated disease","volume":"124","author":"Rice, P.A.; McCormack, W.M.; Kasper, D.L.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rice PA, McCormack WM, Kasper DL. Natural serum bactericidal activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from disseminated, locally invasive, and uncomplicated disease. J Immunol 1980; 124:2105-9.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108569","article-title":"Gonococci causing disseminated gonococcal infection are resistant to the bactericidal action of normal human sera","volume":"58","author":"Schoolnik, G.K.; Buchanan, T.M.; Hoimes, K.K.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Schoolnik GK, Buchanan TM, Hoimes KK. Gonococci causing disseminated gonococcal infection are resistant to the bactericidal action of normal human sera. J Clin Invest 1976;58:1163-73.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197306072882308","article-title":"Low antibiotic resistance of gonococci causing disseminated infection","volume":"288","author":"Wiesner, P.J.; Handsfield, H.H.; Holmes, K.K.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wiesner PJ, Handsfield HH, Holmes KK. Low antibiotic resistance of gonococci causing disseminated infection. N EnglJ Med 1973;288: 1221-2.","journal-title":"N EnglJ Med"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555566453456","article-title":"Gonorrhoea in heterosexual men. Correlation between gonococcal W serogroup, Chlamydia trachomatis infection and objective symptoms","volume":"66","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ruden AK, Backman M, Bygdeman S, Jonsson A, Ringertz 0, Sandstrom E. Gonorrhoea in heterosexual men. Correlation between gonococcal W serogroup, Chlamydia trachomatis infection and objective symptoms. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1986;66:453-6.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh)"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.38.2.563-572.1982","article-title":"Dissemination of gonococcal infection is associated with delayed stimulation of complement-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro","volume":"38","author":"Densen, P.; MacKeen, L.A.; Clark, R.A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Densen P, MacKeen LA, Clark RA. Dissemination of gonococcal infection is associated with delayed stimulation of complement-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. Infect Immun 1982;38:563-72.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110589","article-title":"Characterization of serum resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that disseminate. Roles of blocking antibody and gonococcal outer membrane proteins","volume":"70","author":"Rice, P.A.; Kasper, D.L.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rice PA, Kasper DL. Characterization of serum resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that disseminate. Roles of blocking antibody and gonococcal outer membrane proteins. J Clin Invest 1982;70:157-67.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.3.1443","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement-mediated killing. IV. C5b-9 forms high molecular weight complexes with bacterial outer membrane constituents on serum-resistant but not on serum-sensitive Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"131","author":"Joiner, K.A.; Warren, K.A.; Brown, E.J.; Swanson, J.; Frank, M.M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Joiner KA, Warren KA, Brown EJ, Swanson J, Frank MM. Studies on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to complement-mediated killing. IV. C5b-9 forms high molecular weight complexes with bacterial outer membrane constituents on serum-resistant but not on serum-sensitive Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Jf Immunol 1983;131: 1443-51.","journal-title":"Jf Immunol"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"149","article-title":"Gonococcal infections in the Adult","volume-title":"Diseases","author":"Hook, E.W.; Handsfield, H.H.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hook EW, Handsfield HH. Gonococcal infections in the Adult. In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, Sparling PF, Weisner PJ, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1990:149-65.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.1.154","article-title":"Disseminated gonococcal infection caused by penicillinase-producing organisms in patients with unusual joint involvement (letter)","volume":"155","author":"Saraux, J.L.; Vigneron, A.M.; Berthelot, G.; Dombret, M.C.; Smiejan, J.M.; Kahn, M.F.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Saraux JL, Vigneron AM, Berthelot G, Dombret MC, Smiejan JM, Kahn MF. Disseminated gonococcal infection caused by penicillinase-producing organisms in patients with unusual joint involvement (letter). Jf Infect Dis 1987;155:154-5.","journal-title":"Jf Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-97-1-43","article-title":"Penicillin-resistant gonococcal arthritis. A report of four cases","volume":"97","author":"Rinaldi, R.Z.; Harrison, W.O.; Fan, P.T.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rinaldi RZ, Harrison WO, Fan PT. Penicillin-resistant gonococcal arthritis. A report of four cases. Ann Int Med 1982;97:43-5.","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-5-692","article-title":"Disseminated multiple antibioticresistant gonococcal infection: needed changes in antimicrobial therapy","volume":"107","author":"Bush, L.M.; Boscia, J.A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bush LM, Boscia JA. Disseminated multiple antibioticresistant gonococcal infection: needed changes in antimicrobial therapy. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:692-3.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"719","article-title":"Septic arthritis caused by penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhea","volume":"15","author":"Pritchard, C.; Berney, S.N.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pritchard C, Berney SN. Septic arthritis caused by penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhea. J7 Rheumatol 1988;15: 719-20."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196808012790503","article-title":"Clinical forms of gonococcal arthritis","volume":"279","author":"Keiser, H.; Ruben, F.L.; Wolinsky, E.; Kushner, I.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Keiser H, Ruben FL, Wolinsky E, Kushner I. Clinical forms of gonococcal arthritis. N Engl Jf Med 1968;279: 234-40.","journal-title":"N Engl Jf Med"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1980.11715403","article-title":"Gonococcal arthritis syndromes: an update on diagnosis and management","volume":"67","author":"Bayer, A.S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bayer AS. Gonococcal arthritis syndromes: an update on diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med 1980;67: 200-4, 207-8.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(79)80006-2","article-title":"Spectrum of the gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Brogadir, S.P.; Schimmer, B.M.; Myers, A.R.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Brogadir SP, Schimmer BM, Myers AR. Spectrum of the gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome. Seminars In Arthritis Rheumatism 1979;8:177-83.","journal-title":"Seminars In Arthritis Rheumatism"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197405000-00003","article-title":"Acute arthritis caused by gram negative bacilli: a clinical characterisation","volume":"53","author":"Goldenberg, D.L.; Brandt, K.D.; Cathcart, E.S.; Cohen, A.S.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Goldenberg DL, Brandt KD, Cathcart ES, Cohen AS. Acute arthritis caused by gram negative bacilli: a clinical characterisation. Medicine 1974;53: 197-203.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780170502","article-title":"Gonococcal arthritis. Clinical features correlated with blood, synovial fluid and genitourinary cultures","volume":"17","author":"Brandt, K.D.; Cathcart, E.S.; Cohen, A.S.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Brandt KD, Cathcart ES, Cohen AS. Gonococcal arthritis. Clinical features correlated with blood, synovial fluid and genitourinary cultures. Arthritis Rheum 1974;17:503-10.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1976.03270220030029","article-title":"Low dose penicillin for gonococcal arthritis. A comparative therapy trial","volume":"236","author":"Trentham, D.E.; McCravey, J.W.; Masi, A.T.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Trentham DE, McCravey JW, Masi AT. Low dose penicillin for gonococcal arthritis. A comparative therapy trial. JAMA 1976;236:2410-2.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"495","article-title":"Septic gonorrheal dermatitis","volume":"78","author":"Barr, J.; Danielsson, D.; Magnusson, P.H.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Barr J, Danielsson D, Magnusson PH. Septic gonorrheal dermatitis. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scand-Section A, Pathology 1970;78:495.","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scand-Section A, Pathology"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"271","article-title":"Gonorrhoea with skin and joint manifestations","volume":"1","author":"Wolff, C.B.; Goodman, H.V.; Vahrman, J.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Wolff CB, Goodman HV, Vahrman J. Gonorrhoea with skin and joint manifestations. BMJ 1970;1:271-3.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.5.583","article-title":"Demonstration of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with fluorescent antibody in patients with disseminated gonococcal infection","volume":"129","author":"Tronca, E.; Handsfield, H.H.; Wiesner, P.J.; Holmes, K.K.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Tronca E, Handsfield HH, Wiesner PJ, Holmes KK. Demonstration of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with fluorescent antibody in patients with disseminated gonococcal infection. J Infect Dis 1974;129:583-6.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"57","article-title":"Clinical aspects of gonococcal infections","author":"Handsfield, H.H.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Handsfield HH. Clinical aspects of gonococcal infections. In: Roberts RB, ed. The Gonococcus. New York: Wiley and Sons, 1977:57."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/130.2.183","article-title":"Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in synovial membrane by electron microscopy","volume":"130","author":"Garcia-Kutzbach, A.; Beachey, E.H.; Chandler, R.W.; Townes, A.S.; Masi, A.T.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Garcia-Kutzbach A, Beachey EH, Chandler RW, Townes AS, Masi AT. Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in synovial membrane by electron microscopy. J Infect Dis 1974;130: 183-6.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370515","article-title":"Use of the polymerase chain reaction to study arthritis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"37","author":"Muralidhar, B.; Rumore, P.M.; Steinman, C.R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Muralidhar B, Rumore PM, Steinman CR. Use of the polymerase chain reaction to study arthritis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:710-7.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-84-6-661","article-title":"Treatment of the gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Handsfield, H.H.; Wiesner, P.J.; Holmes, K.K.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Handsfield HH, Wiesner PJ, Holmes KK. Treatment of the gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome. Ann Int Med 1976;84:661-7.","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"229","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 1982: gonococcal infections. MMWR 1982; 31: 37S-41S. 49 Hook EW, Holmes KK. Gonococcal infections","volume":"102","year":"1985","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 1982: gonococcal infections. MMWR 1982;31:37S-41S. 49 Hook EW, Holmes KK. Gonococcal infections. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:229-43.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92466-1","article-title":"Beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant gonococcus","volume":"2","author":"Phillips, I.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Phillips I. Beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant gonococcus. Lancet 1976;2:656-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92467-3","article-title":"Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"2","author":"Ashford, W.A.; Golash, R.G.; Hemming, V.G.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ashford WA, Golash RG, Hemming VG. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Lancet 1976;2:657-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198509053131004","article-title":"Sparling PF. A community-based outbreak of infection with penicillinresistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae not producing penicillinase (chromosomally mediated resistance)","volume":"313","author":"Faruki, H.; Kohmescher, R.N.; McKinney, W.P.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Faruki H, Kohmescher RN, McKinney WP, Sparling PF. A community-based outbreak of infection with penicillinresistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae not producing penicillinase (chromosomally mediated resistance). N Engl J Med 1985;313:607-1 1.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197306072882308","article-title":"Low antibiotic resistance of gonococci causing disseminated infection","volume":"288","author":"Weisner, P.J.; Handsfield, H.H.; Holmes, K.K.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Weisner PJ, Handsfield HH, Holmes KK. Low antibiotic resistance of gonococci causing disseminated infection. N Engl_'Med 1973;288:1221-2.","journal-title":"N Engl_'Med"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90761-0","article-title":"Gonococcal endocarditis: a case series demonstrating modern presentation of an old disease","volume":"108","author":"Fernandez, G.C.; AJ, Jr, Chapman; Bolli, R.; Rose, S.D.; O'Meara, M.E.; Luck, J.C.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fernandez GC, Chapman AJ Jr, Bolli R, Rose SD, O'Meara ME, Luck JC, et al. Gonococcal endocarditis: a case series demonstrating modern presentation of an old disease. Am HeartJ_ 1984;108: 1326-34.","journal-title":"Am HeartJ_"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199103000-00012","article-title":"Gonococcal endocarditis: twenty-five year experience","volume":"301","author":"JD, Jr, Jackman; DB, Glamann","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jackman JD Jr, Glamann DB. Gonococcal endocarditis: twenty-five year experience. Am 7 Med Sci 1991;301: 221-30.","journal-title":"Am 7 Med Sci"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1730","article-title":"Gonococcal meningitis: a review. J3AAMA","volume":"219","author":"Sazeed, Z.A.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Sazeed ZA. Gonococcal meningitis: a review. J3AAMA 1972;219: 1730-6."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.2.362","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from three cases of meningitis","volume":"153","author":"Rice, R.J.; Schalla, W.O.; Whittington, W.L.; JeanLouis, Y.; Biddle, J.W.; Goldberg, M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rice RJ, Schalla WO, Whittington WL, JeanLouis Y, Biddle JW, Goldberg M, et al. Phenotypic characterization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from three cases of meningitis. J Infect Dis 1986;153:362-5.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780250513","article-title":"Gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome. Study of serum and synovial fluid immune complex levels","volume":"25","author":"Manicourt, D.H.; Orloff, S.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Manicourt DH, Orloff S. Gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome. Study of serum and synovial fluid immune complex levels. Arthritis Rheum 1982;25:574-8.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-89-1-28","article-title":"Circulating immune complexes in disseminated gonorrheal infection","volume":"89","author":"Walker, L.C.; Ahlin, T.D.; Tung, K.S.; RC, Jr, Williams","year":"1978","unstructured":"Walker LC, Ahlin TD, Tung KS, Williams RC Jr. Circulating immune complexes in disseminated gonorrheal infection. Ann Inter Med 1978;89:28-33.","journal-title":"Ann Inter Med"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"3","article-title":"Arthritis in rabbits induced by killed Neisseria gonorrhoeae and gonococcal lipopolysaccharide","volume":"11","author":"Goldenberg, D.L.; Reed, J.I.; Rice, P.A.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Goldenberg DL, Reed JI, Rice PA. Arthritis in rabbits induced by killed Neisseria gonorrhoeae and gonococcal lipopolysaccharide. J Rheumatol 1984;11:3-8.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/3.6.1196","article-title":"Abnormal phagocytic chemotaxis: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management of patients","volume":"3","author":"Gallin, J.I.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gallin JI. Abnormal phagocytic chemotaxis: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management of patients. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3:1196-220.","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"221","article-title":"Human immunity to Neisseria gonorrhoeae: acquired serum opsonic antibodies","volume":"86","author":"Bisno, A.L.; Ofek, I.; Beachey, E.H.; Chandler, R.W.; Curran, J.W.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bisno AL, Ofek I, Beachey EH, Chandler RW, Curran JW. Human immunity to Neisseria gonorrhoeae: acquired serum opsonic antibodies. J Lab Clin Med 1975;86: 221-9.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/140.5.698","article-title":"The role of natural IgG and complement in the phagocytosis of type 4 Neisseria gonorrhoeae by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"140","author":"Schiller, N.L.; Friedman, G.L.; Roberts, R.B.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Schiller NL, Friedman GL, Roberts RB. The role of natural IgG and complement in the phagocytosis of type 4 Neisseria gonorrhoeae by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Jf Infect Dis 1979;140:698-707.","journal-title":"Jf Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108867","article-title":"Characterization of gonococcal antigens responsible for induction of bactericidal antibody in disseminated infection","volume":"60","author":"Rice, P.A.; Kasper, D.L.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Rice PA, Kasper DL. Characterization of gonococcal antigens responsible for induction of bactericidal antibody in disseminated infection. J Clin Invest 1977;60: 1149-58.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-108-2-205","article-title":"The surface properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: determinants of susceptibility to antibody complement killing","volume":"108","author":"Ward, M.E.; Lambden, P.R.; Heckels, J.E.; Watt, P.J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ward ME, Lambden PR, Heckels JE, Watt PJ. The surface properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: determinants of susceptibility to antibody complement killing. J Gen Microbiol 1978;108:205-12.","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-90-6-917","article-title":"Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia associated with C6, C7, or C8 deficiency","volume":"90","author":"Petersen, B.H.; Lee, T.J.; Snyderman, R.; Brooks, G.F.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Petersen BH, Lee TJ, Snyderman R, Brooks GF. Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia associated with C6, C7, or C8 deficiency. Ann Inter Med 1979; 90:917-20.","journal-title":"Ann Inter Med"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(79)90247-X","article-title":"Deficiency of the fifth component of complement in human subjects. Clinical, genetic and immunologic studies in a large kindred","volume":"67","author":"Snyderman, R.; Durack, D.T.; McCarty, G.A.; Ward, F.E.; Meadows, L.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Snyderman R, Durack DT, McCarty GA, Ward FE, Meadows L. Deficiency of the fifth component of complement in human subjects. Clinical, genetic and immunologic studies in a large kindred. Am J Med 1979;67:638-45.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.67.6.882","article-title":"Meningococcal meningitis in familial deficiency of the fifth component of complement","volume":"67","author":"Peter, G.; Weigert, M.B.; Bissel, A.R.; Gold, R.; Kreutzer, D.; McLean, R.H.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Peter G, Weigert MB, Bissel AR, Gold R, Kreutzer D, McLean RH. Meningococcal meningitis in familial deficiency of the fifth component of complement. Pediatrics 1981;67:882-6.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T18:29:27Z","timestamp":1738520967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sti.72.6.404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sti.72.6.404","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1368-4973"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]]}}}