{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:45:57Z","timestamp":1791161157456,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/sti.73.3.161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T21:44:35Z","timestamp":1226526275000},"page":"161-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sex workers and the control of sexually transmitted disease."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Day","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"EUROPAP: European intervention projects-AIDS prevention for prostitutes","author":"Mak, R.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mak R. EUROPAP: European intervention projects-AIDS prevention for prostitutes. Gent: Academia Press, 1996."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-197804000-00003","article-title":"Dynamics and control of the transmission of gonorrhea","volume":"5","author":"Yorke, J.A.; Hethcote, H.W.; Nold, A.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Yorke JA, Hethcote HW, Nold A. Dynamics and control of the transmission of gonorrhea. Sex Transm Dis 1978;5: 51-6.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"Prostitution and Victorian society: women, class and the state","author":"Walkowitz, J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Walkowitz J. Prostitution and Victorian society: women, class and the state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980."},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"Women for hire: prostitution and sexuality in France after 1850","author":"Corbin, A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Corbin A. Women for hire: prostitution and sexuality in France after 1850. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990."},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"Meanings and consequences of sexual-economic exchange: gender, poverty and sexual risk behaviour in urban Haiti","volume-title":"Conceiving sexuality: approaches to sex research in a postmodern world","author":"B, De Zalduondo; JM, Bernard","year":"1994","unstructured":"De Zalduondo B, Bernard JM. Meanings and consequences of sexual-economic exchange: gender, poverty and sexual risk behaviour in urban Haiti. In: Parker RG, Gagnon JH, eds. Conceiving sexuality: approaches to sex research in a postmodern world. London and NY: Routledge, 1994."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90088-L","article-title":"Prostitution and the military: planning AIDS intervention in Belize","volume":"36","author":"Kane, S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kane S. Prostitution and the military: planning AIDS intervention in Belize. Soc Sci Med 1993;36:965-79.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Female prostitution and sexually transmitted disease","volume-title":"disease in developing countries","author":"Day, S.; Ward, H.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Day S, Ward H. Female prostitution and sexually transmitted disease. In: Lankinen KS, Bergstrom S, Makela PH, Peltomaa M, eds. Health and disease in developing countries. London: Macmillan Press, 1994."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"403","article-title":"Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men","volume":"ii:","author":"Cameron, D.W.; Simonsen, J.N.; D'Costa, L.J.; Ronald, A.R.; Maitha, G.M.; Gakinya, M.N.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D'Costa LJ, Ronald AR, Maitha GM, Gakinya MN, et al. Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet 1989;ii:403-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199301000-00015","article-title":"Non-ulcerative STD as risk factors for HIV infection in women: results from a cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Laga, M.; Manoka, A.B.; Kivuvu, M.; Malele, B.; Tuliza, M.; Nzila, N.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Laga M, Manoka AB, Kivuvu M, Malele B, Tuliza M, Nzila N, et al. Non-ulcerative STD as risk factors for HIV infection in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 1993;7:95-102.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_10","article-title":"Prostitution","volume-title":"Recent advances in STD and AIDS","author":"Ward, H.; Day, S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ward H, Day S. Prostitution. In: Harris JRW, Forster S, eds. Recent advances in STD and AIDS. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1991."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"119","article-title":"Inter-relationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV: where are we now?","volume":"l):","author":"Laga, M.; Mamadou, O.D.; Bouve, A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Laga M, Mamadou OD, Bouve A. Inter-relationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV: where are we now? AIDS 1994,8(suppl l):S119-24.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198504000-00002","article-title":"Prostitutes are a major reservoir of sexually transmitted diseases in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"12","author":"D'Costa, U.; Plummer, F.A.; Bowmer, I.; Fransen, L.; Piot, P.; Ronald, A.R.","year":"1985","unstructured":"D'Costa U, Plummer FA, Bowmer I, Fransen L, Piot P, Ronald AR, et al. Prostitutes are a major reservoir of sexually transmitted diseases in Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transm Dis 1985;12:64-7.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199106000-00011","article-title":"HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among female prostitutes in Kinshasa","volume":"5","author":"Nzila, N.; Laga, M.; Thiam, M.A.; Mayimona, K.; Edidi, B.; Van Dyck, E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nzila N, Laga M, Thiam MA, Mayimona K, Edidi B, Van Dyck E, et al. HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among female prostitutes in Kinshasa. AIDS 1991; 5:715-21.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198602133140704","article-title":"AIDS virus infection in Nairobi prostitutes: spread of the epidemic to east Africa","volume":"314","author":"Kreiss, J.K.; Keoch, D.; Plummer, F.A.; Holmes, K.K.; Lightfoote, M.; Piot, P.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kreiss JK, Keoch D, Plummer FA, Holmes KK, Lightfoote M, Piot P, et al. AIDS virus infection in Nairobi prostitutes: spread of the epidemic to east Africa. N EnglJ Med 1986;314:414-8.","journal-title":"N EnglJ Med"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90462-3","article-title":"Female prostitutes: a risk group for infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III","volume":"ii:","author":"de Perre P, Van","year":"1985","unstructured":"Van de Perre P. Female prostitutes: a risk group for infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III. Lancet 1985;ii:524.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.6.1108","article-title":"Retrospective seroepidemiology of AIDS virus infection in Nairobi populations","volume":"155","author":"Piot, P.; Plummer, F.A.; Rey, M.A.; Ngugi, E.N.; Rouzioux, C.; Ndinya-Achola, J.O.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Piot P, Plummer FA, Rey MA, Ngugi EN, Rouzioux C, Ndinya-Achola JO, et al. Retrospective seroepidemiology of AIDS virus infection in Nairobi populations. J Infect Dis 1987;155:1108-12.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rapid emergence of AIDS in Abidjan, Ivory Coast","volume":"408","author":"KN, De Cock; A, Porter; K, Odehouri; B, Barrere; J, Moreau; L, Diaby","year":"1989","unstructured":"De Cock KN, Porter A, Odehouri K, Barrere B, Moreau J, Diaby L, et al. Rapid emergence of AIDS in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Lancet 1989;ii:408-1 1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"358","article-title":"The epidemic of HIV\/AIDS in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: a review of data collected by Projet RETRO-CI from 1987 to","volume":"10","author":"true","year":"1993","unstructured":"Djomand G, Greenberg AE, Sassan-Morokro M, Tossou 0, Diallo MO, Ekpini E, et al. The epidemic of HIV\/AIDS in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: a review of data collected by Projet RETRO-CI from 1987 to 1993. J Acquir Immue Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995;10: 358-65.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immue Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"235","article-title":"Preparation for AIDS vaccine evaluation in Mombasa, Kenya: establishment of seronegative cohorts of commercial sex workers and trucking company employees","volume":"10","author":"Martin, H.L.; Jackson, D.J.; Mandaliya, K.; Bwayo, J.; RakwarJP, Nyange; P.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Martin HL, Jackson DJ, Mandaliya K, Bwayo J, RakwarJP, Nyange P, et al. Preparation for AIDS vaccine evaluation in Mombasa, Kenya: establishment of seronegative cohorts of commercial sex workers and trucking company employees. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10:S235-7.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7000.283","article-title":"Risk factors for HIV infection in people attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases in India","volume":"311","author":"Rodrigues, J.J.; Mehendale, S.M.; Shepherd, M.E.; Divekar, A.D.; Gangakhedkar, R.R.; Quinn, T.C.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rodrigues JJ, Mehendale SM, Shepherd ME, Divekar AD, Gangakhedkar RR, Quinn TC, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection in people attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases in India. BMY 1995;311:283-6.","journal-title":"BMY"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"243","article-title":"Preparatory studies for possible HIV vaccine trials in Northem Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Nelson, K.E.; Beyrer, C.; Natpratan, C.; Eiumtrakul, S.; Celentano, D.D.; Khamboonruang, C.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nelson KE, Beyrer C, Natpratan C, Eiumtrakul S, Celentano DD, Khamboonruang C. Preparatory studies for possible HIV vaccine trials in Northem Thailand. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10:S243-6.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91001-3","article-title":"Independent introduction of two major HIV-1 genotypes into distinct high-risk populations in Thailand","volume":"341","author":"Ou, C.-Y.; Takebe, Y.; Weniger, B.G.; Luo, C.C.; Kalish, M.L.; Auwanit, W.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ou C-Y, Takebe Y, Weniger BG, Luo CC, Kalish ML, Auwanit W, et al. Independent introduction of two major HIV-1 genotypes into distinct high-risk populations in Thailand. Lancet 1993;341:1171-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","article-title":"From peasant girls to Bangkok masseuses","author":"Phongpaichit, P.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Phongpaichit P. From peasant girls to Bangkok masseuses. Geneva: ILO, 1982."},{"key":"ref_24","article-title":"Sex, money and morality: prostitution and tourism in Southeast Asia","author":"Truong, T.D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Truong TD. Sex, money and morality: prostitution and tourism in Southeast Asia. London: Zed Books, 1990."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199509050-00016","article-title":"Condom use in Thailand: how much is it slowing the HIV\/AIDS epidemic?","volume":"9","author":"Mastro, T.; Limpakarnjanarat, K.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mastro T, Limpakarnjanarat K. Condom use in Thailand: how much is it slowing the HIV\/AIDS epidemic? (editorial) AIDS 1995;9:523-5.","journal-title":"(editorial) AIDS"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199509050-00015","article-title":"The epidemiology of HIV and syphilis among male commercial sex workers in northern Thailand","volume":"9","author":"Kunawararak, P.; Beyrer, C.; Natpratan, C.; Feng, W.; Celentano, D.D.; de Boer, M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kunawararak P, Beyrer C, Natpratan C, Feng W, Celentano DD, de Boer M, et al. The epidemiology of HIV and syphilis among male commercial sex workers in northern Thailand. AIDS 1995;9:517-21.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199105000-00017","article-title":"Risk factors for HIV among prostitutes in Chiangmai, Thailand","volume":"5","author":"Siraprapasiri, T.; Thanprasertsuk, S.; Rodklay, A.; Srivanichakorn, S.; Sawanpanyalert, P.; Temtanarak, J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Siraprapasiri T, Thanprasertsuk S, Rodklay A, Srivanichakorn S, Sawanpanyalert P, Temtanarak J. Risk factors for HIV among prostitutes in Chiangmai, Thailand. AIDS 1991;5:579-82.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199404000-00018","article-title":"HIV-1 infection among lower class commercial sex workers in Chiang Mai, Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Celantano, D.D.; Akarasewi, P.; Sussman, L.; Suprasert, S.; Matanasarawoot, A.; Wright, N.H.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Celantano DD, Akarasewi P, Sussman L, Suprasert S, Matanasarawoot A, Wright NH, et al. HIV-1 infection among lower class commercial sex workers in Chiang Mai, Thailand. AIDS 1994;8:533-7.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411243312106","article-title":"Intersecting epidemics-crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner city young adults","volume":"331","author":"Edlin, B.R.; Irwin, K.L.; Faruque, S.; McCoy, C.B.; Word, C.; Serrano, Y.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Edlin BR, Irwin KL, Faruque S, McCoy CB, Word C, Serrano Y, et al. Intersecting epidemics-crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner city young adults. N EnglJ Med 1994;331:1422-7.","journal-title":"N EnglJ Med"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"393","article-title":"European Working Group on HIV infection in Female Prostitutes. HIV infection in European female sex workers: epidemiological link with use of petroleum-based lubricants","volume":"7","year":"1993","unstructured":"European Working Group on HIV infection in Female Prostitutes. HIV infection in European female sex workers: epidemiological link with use of petroleum-based lubricants. AIDS 1993;7:393-400.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_31","article-title":"Female prostitutes, AIDS, drugs and alcohol in New South Wales","volume-title":"and prostitution","author":"Harcourt, C.; Philpot, R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Harcourt C, Philpot R. Female prostitutes, AIDS, drugs and alcohol in New South Wales. In: Plant M, ed. AIDS, drugs and prostitution. London: Routiedge, 1990."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199409000-00002","article-title":"Prostitution and HIV: what do we know and where might research be targeted in the future?","volume":"8","author":"McKeganey, N.P.","year":"1994","unstructured":"McKeganey NP. Prostitution and HIV: what do we know and where might research be targeted in the future? (editorial) AIDS 1994;8: 1215-26.","journal-title":"(editorial) AIDS"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6900.356","article-title":"Prostitution and risk of HIV: female prostitutes in London","volume":"307","author":"Ward, H.; Day, S.; Mezzone, J.; Dunlop, L.; Donegan, C.; Farrar, S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ward H, Day S, Mezzone J, Dunlop L, Donegan C, Farrar S, et al. Prostitution and risk of HIV: female prostitutes in London. BMJ 1993;307:356-8.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"103","article-title":"Screening for sexually transmitted disease in Londonbased male prostitutes","volume":"67","author":"Tomilinson, D.R.; Hillman, R.J.; Harris, JR, Taylor-Robinson; D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tomilinson DR, Hillman RJ, Harris JR, Taylor-Robinson D. Screening for sexually transmitted disease in Londonbased male prostitutes. Genitourin Med 1991;67:103-6.","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.1993.7.2.02a00020","article-title":"HIVrelated risk practices among Glasgow male prostitutes: reframing concepts of risk behaviour","volume":"7","author":"Bloor, M.J.; Barnard, M.A.; Finlay, A.; McKeganey, N.P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bloor MJ, Barnard MA, Finlay A, McKeganey NP. HIVrelated risk practices among Glasgow male prostitutes: reframing concepts of risk behaviour. Med Anthrop Q 1993;7: 152-69.","journal-title":"Med Anthrop Q"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90287-M","article-title":"The male street prostitute: a vector for transmission of HIV infection into the heterosexual world","volume":"32","author":"Morse, E.; Simon, P.; Osofsky, H.; Balson, P.; Gaumer, H.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Morse E, Simon P, Osofsky H, Balson P, Gaumer H. The male street prostitute: a vector for transmission of HIV infection into the heterosexual world. Soc Sci Med 1991;32:535-9.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.1.79","article-title":"Risk factors associated with HIV infection among male prostitutes","volume":"83","author":"Elifson, K.W.; Boles, J.; Sweat, M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Elifson KW, Boles J, Sweat M. Risk factors associated with HIV infection among male prostitutes. Am Jf Public Health 1993;83:79-83.","journal-title":"Am Jf Public Health"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"384","article-title":"A survey of female prostitutes at risk of HIV infection and other sexually transmissible diseases","volume":"67","author":"Philpot, C.R.; Harcourt, C.L.; Edwards, J.M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Philpot CR, Harcourt CL, Edwards JM. A survey of female prostitutes at risk of HIV infection and other sexually transmissible diseases. Genitourin Med 1991;67:384-8.","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"31","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and risk of HIV1, syphilis and hepatitis B infection among sex workers in Sao Paolo State","volume":"9","author":"Lurie, P.; Fernandes, M.E.; Hughes, V.; Arevalo, E.I.; Hudes, E.S.; Reingold, A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lurie P, Fernandes ME, Hughes V, Arevalo EI, Hudes ES, Reingold A, et al. Socioeconomic status and risk of HIV1, syphilis and hepatitis B infection among sex workers in Sao Paolo State, Brazil. AIDS 1995;9:S31-7."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6900.359","article-title":"Prostitution and risk of HIV: male partners of female prostitutes","volume":"307","author":"Day, S.; Ward, H.; Perrotta, L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Day S, Ward H, Perrotta L. Prostitution and risk of HIV: male partners of female prostitutes. BMJ 1993;307: 359-61.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129550126795","article-title":"Reaching male clients of female prostitutes: the challenge for HIV prevention","volume":"7","author":"Faugier, J.; Cranfield, S.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Faugier J, Cranfield S. Reaching male clients of female prostitutes: the challenge for HIV prevention. AIDS Care 1995;7:S21-32.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"135","article-title":"Sexual attitudes and lifestyles","author":"Johnson, A.M.; Wadsworth, J.; Wellings, K.; Field, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnson AM, Wadsworth J, Wellings K, Field J. Sexual attitudes and lifestyles. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994:135-40."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"The interrelationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: implications for the control of both epidemics in Africa","volume":"5","author":"Laga, M.; Nzila, N.; Goeman, J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Laga M, Nzila N, Goeman J. The interrelationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: implications for the control of both epidemics in Africa. AIDS 1991; 5(Suppl 1):S55-63.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"The importance of core groups in the epidemiology and control of HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Plummer, F.A.; Nagelkerke, N.J.D.; Moses, S.; Ndinya-Achola, J.O.; Bwayo, J.; Ngugi, E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Plummer FA, Nagelkerke NJD, Moses S, Ndinya-Achola JO, Bwayo J, Ngugi E. The importance of core groups in the epidemiology and control of HIV infection. AIDS 1991;5(suppl 1):S169-76.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)93005-8","article-title":"Condom promotion, sexually transmitted diseases treatment, and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in female Zairian sex workers","volume":"344","author":"Laga, M.; Alary, M.; Nzila, N.; Manoka, A.T.; Tuliza, M.; Behets, F.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Laga M, Alary M, Nzila N, Manoka AT, Tuliza M, Behets F, et al. Condom promotion, sexually transmitted diseases treatment, and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in female Zairian sex workers. Lancet 1994;344: 246-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249500600310","article-title":"Outreach STD clinics for prostitutes in Edinburgh","volume":"6","author":"Scott, G.R.; Peacock, W.; Cameron, S.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Scott GR, Peacock W, Cameron S. Outreach STD clinics for prostitutes in Edinburgh. Int Jf STD AIDS 1995; 6:197-200.","journal-title":"Int Jf STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_47","article-title":"Sex workers fight against AIDS: an international perspective","volume-title":"resisting AIDS: strategies of empowerment","author":"Alexander, P.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Alexander P. Sex workers fight against AIDS: an international perspective. In: Schneider BE, ed. Women resisting AIDS: strategies of empowerment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995."},{"key":"ref_48","article-title":"Safer prostitution: a new approach in Holland","volume-title":"drugs and prostitution","author":"Venema, P.U.; Visser, J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Venema PU, Visser J. Safer prostitution: a new approach in Holland. In: Plant M, ed. AIDS: drugs and prostitution. London: Routledge, 1990."},{"key":"ref_49","article-title":"A vindication of the rights of whores","author":"Phetersen, G.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Phetersen G ed. A vindication of the rights of whores. Seattle, WA: The Seal Press, 1989."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"202","article-title":"The failure of prostitution law reform. A NZ","volume":"21","author":"Neave, M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Neave M. The failure of prostitution law reform. A NZ J Crim 1988;21:202-13.","journal-title":"J Crim"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00165-P","article-title":"Transforming AIDS prevention to meet women's needs: a focus on developing countries","volume":"40","author":"Heise, L.L.; Elias, C.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Heise LL, Elias C. Transforming AIDS prevention to meet women's needs: a focus on developing countries. Soc Sci Med 1995;40:931-43.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"268","key":"ref_52","first-page":"477","article-title":"Efficacy of nonoxynol-9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes","volume":"1992","author":"Kreiss, J.; Ngugi, E.; Hoimes, K.K.; Ndinya-Achola, J.; Waiyaki, P.; Roberts, P.L.","unstructured":"Kreiss J, Ngugi E, Hoimes KK, Ndinya-Achola J, Waiyaki P, Roberts PL, et al. Efficacy of nonoxynol-9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes. JAMA 1992,268:477-82.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vaginal microbicides for preventing the sexual transmission of HIV","volume":"8","author":"Stone, A.B.; Hitchcock, P.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stone AB, Hitchcock PJ. Vaginal microbicides for preventing the sexual transmission of HIV. AIDS 1994;8(suppl 1): S285-93.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199503000-00012","article-title":"Traditional vaginal agents: use and association with HIV infection in Malawian women","volume":"9","author":"Dallabetta, G.A.; Miotti, P.G.; Chiphangwi, G.; Liomba, G.; Canner, J.K.; Saah, A.J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dallabetta GA, Miotti PG, Chiphangwi G, Liomba G, Canner JK, Saah AJ. Traditional vaginal agents: use and association with HIV infection in Malawian women. AIDS 1995;9:293-297.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199401000-00002","article-title":"Challenges for the development of femalecontrolled vaginal microbicides","volume":"8","author":"Elias, C.J.; Heise, L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Elias CJ, Heise L. Challenges for the development of femalecontrolled vaginal microbicides. AIDS 1994;8:1-9.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_56","article-title":"Women working: prostitution now","author":"McLeod, E.","year":"1985","unstructured":"McLeod E. Women working: prostitution now. Guildford, England: Croom Helm, 1985."},{"key":"ref_57","article-title":"Anthropological perspectives on sexually transmitted diseases","volume-title":"publique et maladies a transmission sexuelle","author":"Day, S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Day S. Anthropological perspectives on sexually transmitted diseases. In: Job-Spira N, Spencer B, Moalti JP, Bouvet E, eds. Sante publique et maladies a transmission sexuelle. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext, 1990."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-7-539","article-title":"Partner notification: can it control epidemic syphilis?","volume":"112","author":"Andrus, J.K.; Fleming, D.W.; Harger, D.R.; Yan Chin, M.; Bennett, D.V.; Horan, J.M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Andrus JK, Fleming DW, Harger DR, Yan Chin M, Bennett DV, Horan JM, et al. Partner notification: can it control epidemic syphilis? Ann Intern Med 1990;112: 539-43.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199310143291612","article-title":"Partner notification and the threat of domestic violence against women with HIV infection","volume":"329","author":"North, R.; Rothenberg, K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"North R, Rothenberg K. Partner notification and the threat of domestic violence against women with HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1194-6.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"157","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control. Antibody to human immunodeficiency virus in female prostitutes","volume":"36","year":"1987","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Antibody to human immunodeficiency virus in female prostitutes. MMWR 1987;36: 157-61.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref_61","article-title":"Prostitute women and the ideology of work in London","volume-title":"AIDS and culture: the global pandemic","author":"Day, S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Day S. Prostitute women and the ideology of work in London. In: Feldman DA, ed. AIDS and culture: the global pandemic. New York: Praeger, 1990."},{"key":"ref_62","article-title":"Between embarrassment and trust: young women and the diversity of condom use","volume-title":"AIDS: responses, interventions and care","author":"Holland, J.; Ramazanoglu, C.; Scott, S.; Sharpe, S.; Thomson, R.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Holland J, Ramazanoglu C, Scott S, Sharpe S, Thomson R. Between embarrassment and trust: young women and the diversity of condom use. In: Aggleton P, Hart G, Davies P, eds. AIDS: responses, interventions and care. London: The Falmer Press, 1991."},{"key":"ref_63","article-title":"What counts as rape? Physical assault and broken contracts: contrasting views of rape among London sex workers","volume-title":"Sex and violence: issues in representation and experience","author":"Day, S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Day S. What counts as rape? Physical assault and broken contracts: contrasting views of rape among London sex workers. In: Harvey P, Gow P, eds. Sex and violence: issues in representation and experience. London: Roudledge, 1994."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)93004-X","article-title":"Impact of Thailand's HIV-control programme as indicated by the decline of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"344","author":"Hanenberg, R.S.; Rojanapithayakorn, Kunasol; P, Sokal; D.C.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hanenberg RS, Rojanapithayakorn, Kunasol P, Sokal DC. Impact of Thailand's HIV-control programme as indicated by the decline of sexually transmitted diseases. Lancet 1994;344:243-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"21","article-title":"Impact of an intervention on HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, and condom use among sex workers in Bombay, India","volume":"9","author":"Bhave, G.; Lindan, C.P.; Hudes, E.S.; Desai, S.; Wagle, U.; Tripathi, S.P.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bhave G, Lindan CP, Hudes ES, Desai S, Wagle U, Tripathi SP, et al. Impact of an intervention on HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, and condom use among sex workers in Bombay, India. AIDS 1995;9:S21-30.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199402000-00012","article-title":"Evaluation of a targeted AIDS prevention intervention to increase condom use among prostitutes in Ghana","volume":"8","author":"Asamoah-Adu, A.; Weir, S.; Pappoe, M.; Kanlisi, N.; Neequaye, A.; Lamptey, P.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Asamoah-Adu A, Weir S, Pappoe M, Kanlisi N, Neequaye A, Lamptey P, et al. Evaluation of a targeted AIDS prevention intervention to increase condom use among prostitutes in Ghana. AIDS 1994;8:239-46.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199104000-00008","article-title":"Controlling HIV in Africa: effectiveness and cost of an intervention in a highfrequency STD transmitter core group","volume":"5","author":"Moses, S.; Plummer, F.A.; Ngugi, E.N.; Nagelkerke, N.J.D.; Anzala, A.O.; Ndinya-Achola, J.O.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Moses S, Plummer FA, Ngugi EN, Nagelkerke NJD, Anzala AO, Ndinya-Achola JO. Controlling HIV in Africa: effectiveness and cost of an intervention in a highfrequency STD transmitter core group. AIDS 1991;5: 407-11.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.5.840","article-title":"JR An outbreak of chancroid in Orange County, California: descriptive epidemiology and disease control measures","volume":"151","author":"Blackmore, C.A.; Limpakarnianarat, K.; Rigau-Perez, Albritton; WL, Greenwood","year":"1985","unstructured":"Blackmore CA, Limpakarnianarat K, Rigau-Perez, Albritton WL, Greenwood JR An outbreak of chancroid in Orange County, California: descriptive epidemiology and disease control measures. J7 Infect Dis 1985;151: 840-4.","journal-title":"J7 Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91380-7","article-title":"Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomised controlled trial","volume":"346","author":"Grosskurth, H.; Mosha, Todd; J, Mwijarubi; E, Klokke; A, Senkoro; K.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Grosskurth H, Mosha, Todd J, Mwijarubi E, Klokke A, Senkoro K, et al. Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1995;346:530-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_70","article-title":"Sex and sex workers in Australia","author":"Perkins, R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Perkins R. Sex and sex workers in Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press, 1994."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199506000-00002","article-title":"Socioeconomic obstacles to HIV prevention and treatment in developing countries: the roles of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank","volume":"9","author":"Lurie, P.; Hintzen, P.; Lowe, R.A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lurie P, Hintzen P, Lowe RA. Socioeconomic obstacles to HIV prevention and treatment in developing countries: the roles of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. AIDS 1995;9:539-46.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91778-7","article-title":"Impact of user fees on attendance at a referral centre for sexually transmitted diseases in Kenya","volume":"340","author":"Moses, S.; Manji, F.; Bradley, J.E.; Nagelkerke, N.J.; Malisa, M.A.; Plummer, F.A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Moses S, Manji F, Bradley JE, Nagelkerke NJ, Malisa MA, Plummer FA. Impact of user fees on attendance at a referral centre for sexually transmitted diseases in Kenya. Lancet 1992;340:463-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sti.73.3.161","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T23:56:06Z","timestamp":1601078166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sti.73.3.161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sti.73.3.161","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]}}}