{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T23:47:40Z","timestamp":1771372060706,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.1.21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:22:37Z","timestamp":1230769357000},"page":"21-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Pathogenesis of Chlamydia induced pelvic inflammatory disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"C. R.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. C.","family":"Brunham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"593","article-title":"Acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)","author":"Westrom, L.; Mardh, P.-A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Westrom L, Mardh P-A. Acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, Sparling PF, Wiesner PJ, eds. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990:593\u2013613."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.2.501","article-title":"The role of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in pelvic inflammatory disease and its sequelae in Zimbabwe","volume":"162","author":"Muylder, X.; Laga, M.; Tennstedt, C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Muylder X, Laga M, Tennstedt C, et al. The role of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in pelvic inflammatory disease and its sequelae in Zimbabwe. J Infect Dis 1990;162:501\u20135.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1991.tb15399.x","article-title":"The role of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the etiology of ectopic pregnancy in Gabon","volume":"98","author":"Ville, Y.; Leruez, Galowaczower; E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ville Y, Leruez, Galowaczower E, et al. The role of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the etiology of ectopic pregnancy in Gabon. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98:1260\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.2.229","article-title":"Chlamydial infection of subcutaneous fimbrial transplants in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys","volume":"155","author":"Patton, D.L.; Kuo, C.C.; Wang, S.P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Patton DL, Kuo CC, Wang SP, et al. Chlamydial infection of subcutaneous fimbrial transplants in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys. J Infect Dis 1987;155:229\u201335.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.6.1437","article-title":"Risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis pelvic inflammatory disease among sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"173","author":"Kimani, J.; Maclean, I.W.; Bwayo, J.J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kimani J, Maclean IW, Bwayo JJ, et al. Risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis pelvic inflammatory disease among sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. J Infect Dis 1996;173:1437\u2013 44.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.5.1236","article-title":"Association between antibody to the chlamydial heat shock protein and tubal infertility","volume":"168","author":"Toye, B.; Laferriere, C.; Claman, P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Toye B, Laferriere C, Claman P, et al. Association between antibody to the chlamydial heat shock protein and tubal infertility. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1236\u201340.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.6.2250-2253.1997","article-title":"Evidence of genetic susceptibility to Chlamydia trachomatis-induced pelvic inflammatory disease in the pig-tailed macaque","volume":"65","author":"Lichtenwalner, A.B.; Patton, D.L.; Sweeney, C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lichtenwalner AB, Patton DL, Sweeney C, et al. Evidence of genetic susceptibility to Chlamydia trachomatis-induced pelvic inflammatory disease in the pig-tailed macaque. Infect Immun 1997;65:2250\u20133.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.4.1013","article-title":"Major outer membrane protein variants of Chlamydia trachomatis are associated with severe upper genital tract infections and histopathology in San Francisco","volume":"172","author":"Dean, D.; Oudens, E.; Bolan, G.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dean D, Oudens E, Bolan G, et al. Major outer membrane protein variants of Chlamydia trachomatis are associated with severe upper genital tract infections and histopathology in San Francisco. J Infect Dis 1995;172: 1013\u201322.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199207000-00001","article-title":"Pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility: a cohort of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic findings","volume":"19","author":"Westrom, L.; Joesoef, R.; Reynolds, G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Westrom L, Joesoef R, Reynolds G, et al. Pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility: a cohort of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic findings. Sex Transm Dis 1992;19:185.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref_10","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility: an epidemiologic update","author":"W, Jr, Cates; RT, Jr, Rolfs; SO, Aral","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cates W Jr, Rolfs RT Jr, Aral SO. Sexually transmitted diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility: an epidemiologic update. Epidemiol Rev 1990:199\u2013220.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440010052029","article-title":"Decreased risk of symptomatic chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease associated with oral contraceptive use","volume":"263","author":"Wolner-Hanssen, P.; Eschenbach, D.A.; Paavonen, J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wolner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach DA, Paavonen J, et al. Decreased risk of symptomatic chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease associated with oral contraceptive use. JAMA 1990;263:54\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.4.950","article-title":"The epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis within a sexually transmitted diseases core group","volume":"173","author":"Brunham, R.C.; Kimani, J.; Bwayo, J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brunham RC, Kimani J, Bwayo J, et al. The epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis within a sexually transmitted diseases core group. J Infect Dis 1996;173:950\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.6.1076","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis-associated ectopic pregnancy: serologic and histologic correlates","volume":"165","author":"Brunham, R.C.; Peeling, R.; Maclean, I.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brunham RC, Peeling R, Maclean I, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis-associated ectopic pregnancy: serologic and histologic correlates. J Infect Dis 1992;165:1076\u201381","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_14","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of antibody to chlamydia hsp-60 in C trachomatis infected women. Presented at Eighth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infection","author":"Stamm, W.E.; Peeling, R.W.; Money, D.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stamm WE, Peeling RW, Money D, et al. Prevalence and correlates of antibody to chlamydia hsp-60 in C trachomatis infected women. Presented at Eighth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infection, Chantilly, France, June 1994."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1086\/516479","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of antibody to chlamydial heat shock protein in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics and women with confirmed pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"175","author":"Eckert, L.O.; Hawes, S.E.; Wolner-Hanssen, P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Wolner-Hanssen P, et al. Prevalence and correlates of antibody to chlamydial heat shock protein in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics and women with confirmed pelvic inflammatory disease. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1453\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1086\/516454","article-title":"Antibody to chlamydial hsp60 predicts an increased risk for chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"175","author":"Peeling, R.W.; Kimani, J.; Plummer, F.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Peeling RW, Kimani J, Plummer F, et al. Antibody to chlamydial hsp60 predicts an increased risk for chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1153\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.3.680","article-title":"Demonstration of delayed hypersensitivity in Chlamydia trachomatis salpingitis in monkeys: a pathogenic mechanism of tubal damage","volume":"169","author":"Patton, D.L.; Sweeney, Y.T.; Kuo, C.C.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Patton DL, Sweeney YT, Kuo CC. Demonstration of delayed hypersensitivity in Chlamydia trachomatis salpingitis in monkeys: a pathogenic mechanism of tubal damage. J Infect Dis 1994;169:680\u20133.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.8.3143-3149.1992","article-title":"Antibody responses to the chlamydial heat shock proteins hsp60 and hsp70 are H-2 linked","volume":"60","author":"Zhong, G.; Brunham, R.C.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zhong G, Brunham RC. Antibody responses to the chlamydial heat shock proteins hsp60 and hsp70 are H-2 linked. Infect Immun 1992;60:3143\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.6.1433","article-title":"Induction of autoreactive B cells allows priming of autoreactive T cells","volume":"173","author":"Lin, R.H.; Mamula, M.J.; Hardin, J.A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lin RH, Mamula MJ, Hardin JA, et al. Induction of autoreactive B cells allows priming of autoreactive T cells. J Exp Med 1991;173:1433.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.5.1669-1674.1997","article-title":"Autoimmunity to heat shock protein 60 and antigen-specific production of interleukin10","volume":"65","author":"Yi, Y.; Yang, X.; Brunham, R.C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yi Y, Yang X, Brunham RC. Autoimmunity to heat shock protein 60 and antigen-specific production of interleukin10. Infect Immun 1997;65:1669\u201374.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1086\/514218","article-title":"Humoral immune response to conserved epitopes of Chlamydia trachomatis and human 60-kDa heat-shock protein in women with pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"177","author":"Domeika, M.; Domeika, K.; Paavonen, J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Domeika M, Domeika K, Paavonen J, et al. Humoral immune response to conserved epitopes of Chlamydia trachomatis and human 60-kDa heat-shock protein in women with pelvic inflammatory disease. J Infect Dis 1998;177: 714\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3","article-title":"Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease","volume":"4","author":"Janeaway, C.A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Janeaway CA, Travers P, eds. Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease. New York: Garland Publishing, 1997:4:3\u201320."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"429","article-title":"T helper type-1 (Th1)\/Th2 profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); responses to antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis in subjects with severe trachomatous scarring. Clin Exp Immunol","volume":"105","author":"Holland, M.J.; Bailey, R.L.; Conway, F.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Holland MJ, Bailey RL, Conway F, et al. T helper type-1 (Th1)\/Th2 profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); responses to antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis in subjects with severe trachomatous scarring. Clin Exp Immunol 1996;105:429\u201335."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.3.643","article-title":"HLA class I and II polymorphisms and trachomatous scarring in a Chlamydia trachomatis-endemic population","volume":"174","author":"Conway, D.J.; Holland, M.J.; Campbell, A.E.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Conway DJ, Holland MJ, Campbell AE, et al. HLA class I and II polymorphisms and trachomatous scarring in a Chlamydia trachomatis-endemic population. J Infect Dis 1996;174:643\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"150","article-title":"Experimental inclusion conjunctivitis in man","author":"Jawetz, E.; Rose, L.; Hanna, L.; Thygeson, P.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Jawetz E, Rose L, Hanna L, Thygeson P. Experimental inclusion conjunctivitis in man. JAMA 1965;194:150\u201362.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"217","article-title":"Local and systemic antibody response to trachoma eye infection in monkeys. In: Trachoma and related disorders caused by chlamydial agents","volume":"223","author":"Wang, S.; Grayston, J.T.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Wang S, Grayston JT. Local and systemic antibody response to trachoma eye infection in monkeys. In: Trachoma and related disorders caused by chlamydial agents. Excerpta Medica Int Congress Series 1971;223;217\u201332.","journal-title":"Excerpta Medica Int Congress Series"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.39.3.1491-1494.1983","article-title":"Correlation of host immune response with quantitative recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from the human endocervix","volume":"39","author":"Brunham, R.C.; Kuo, C.C.; Cles, L.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Brunham RC, Kuo CC, Cles L, et al. Correlation of host immune response with quantitative recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from the human endocervix. Infect Immun 1983;39:1491\u20134.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.7.2876-2882.1997","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immunity in secondary infection due to murine Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"65","author":"Williams, D.M.; Grubbs, B.G.; Pack, E.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Williams DM, Grubbs BG, Pack E, et al. Humoral and cellular immunity in secondary infection due to murine Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect Immun 1997;65:2876\u201382.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1997.00378.x","article-title":"-cell-deficient mice develop complete immune protection against genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"92","author":"Johansson, M.; Ward, M.; Lycke, N.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Johansson M, Ward M, Lycke N. -cell-deficient mice develop complete immune protection against genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Immunology 1997; 92:422\u20138.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.2.575","article-title":"Protective monoclonal antibodies recognize epitopes located on the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"138","author":"Zhang, Y.X.; Stewart, S.; Joseph, T.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Zhang YX, Stewart S, Joseph T, et al. Protective monoclonal antibodies recognize epitopes located on the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Immunol 1987;138:575\u201381.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1981.tb00964.x","article-title":"Follicular cervicitis-colposcopic appearances and associations with Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"88","author":"Hare, M.J.; Toone, E.; Taylor-Robinson, D.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hare MJ, Toone E, Taylor-Robinson D, et al. Follicular cervicitis-colposcopic appearances and associations with Chlamydia trachomatis. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1981;88:174\u2013 80.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199002000-00008","article-title":"Endometrial histopathology in patient with culture-proved upper genital tract infection and laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis","volume":"14","author":"Kiviat, N.B.; Wolner-Hanssen, P.; Eschenbach, D.A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kiviat NB, Wolner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach DA, et al. Endometrial histopathology in patient with culture-proved upper genital tract infection and laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:167\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"422","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the fallopian tubes","volume":"55","author":"Moller, B.R.; Westrom, L.; Ahrons, S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Moller BR, Westrom L, Ahrons S, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the fallopian tubes. Br J Vener Dis 1979; 55:422\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.73.4.276","article-title":"Immunopathology of trachomatous conjuctivitis","volume":"73","author":"El-Asrar, A.M.A.; ven den Oord, J.J.; Geboes, K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"El-Asrar AMA, ven den Oord JJ, Geboes K, et al. Immunopathology of trachomatous conjuctivitis. Br J Ophthamol 1989;73:276\u201382.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthamol"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"829","article-title":"Host responses to primary Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the fallopian tube in pig-tailed monkeys","volume-title":"Fertil Steril","volume":"40","author":"Patton, D.L.; Halbert, S.A.; Kuo, C.C.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Patton DL, Halbert SA, Kuo CC, et al. Host responses to primary Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the fallopian tube in pig-tailed monkeys. Fertil Steril 1983;40:829\u201340."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70084-2","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in fallopian tube tissue in women with postinfectious tubal infertility","volume":"171","author":"Patton, D.L.; Askienazy-Elbhar, M.; Henry-Suchet, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Patton DL, Askienazy-Elbhar M, Henry-Suchet J, et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in fallopian tube tissue in women with postinfectious tubal infertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:95\u2013101.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.48.3.847-849.1985","article-title":"Chronic chlamydial genital infection in congenitally athymic nude mice","volume":"48","author":"Rank, R.G.; Soderberg, L.S.; Barron, A.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rank RG, Soderberg LS, Barron AL. Chronic chlamydial genital infection in congenitally athymic nude mice. Infect Immun 1985;48:847\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119136","article-title":"Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells in response to chlamydia infection suggest a central role for epithelial cells in chlamydial pathogenesis","volume":"99","author":"Rasmussen, S.J.; Eckmann, L.; Quayle, A.J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rasmussen SJ, Eckmann L, Quayle AJ, et al. Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells in response to chlamydia infection suggest a central role for epithelial cells in chlamydial pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 1997;99:77\u201387.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4661","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.12.4661-4668.1995","article-title":"Gene knockout mice establish a primary protective role for major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted responses in Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection","volume":"63","author":"Morrison, R.P.; Feilzer, K.; Tumas, D.B.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Morrison RP, Feilzer K, Tumas DB. Gene knockout mice establish a primary protective role for major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted responses in Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection. Infect Immun 1995;63: 4661\u20138.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5183","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.11.5183","article-title":"Protective cytotoxic T lymphocytes are induced during murine infection with Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"153","author":"Starnbach, M.N.; Bevan, M.J.; Lampe, M.F.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Starnbach MN, Bevan MJ, Lampe MF. Protective cytotoxic T lymphocytes are induced during murine infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. J Immunol 1994;153:5183\u20139.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.6.2175-2182.1997","article-title":"Repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection of Macaca nemestrina fallopian tubes produces a Th1-like cytokine response associated with fibrosis and scarring","volume":"65","author":"WC, Van Voorhis; LK, Barrett; YT, Cossgrove-Sweeney","year":"1997","unstructured":"Van Voorhis WC, Barrett LK, Cossgrove-Sweeney YT, et al. Repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection of Macaca nemestrina fallopian tubes produces a Th1-like cytokine response associated with fibrosis and scarring. Infect Immun 1997;65:2175\u201382.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.3.647","article-title":"Analysis of lymphocyte phenotype and cytokine activity in the inflammatory infiltrates of the upper genital tract of female macaques infected with Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"174","author":"WC, Van Voorhis; LK, Barrett; YT, Cossgrove-Sweeney","year":"1996","unstructured":"Van Voorhis WC, Barrett LK, Cossgrove-Sweeney YT, et al. Analysis of lymphocyte phenotype and cytokine activity in the inflammatory infiltrates of the upper genital tract of female macaques infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. J Infect Dis 1996;174:647\u201350.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-167.x","article-title":"Studies in knockout mice reveal that anti-chlamydia protection requires TH1 cells producting IFN-gamma: is this true for human?","volume":"46","author":"Johansson, M.; Schon, K.; Ward, M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Johansson M, Schon K, Ward M, et al. Studies in knockout mice reveal that anti-chlamydia protection requires TH1 cells producting IFN-gamma: is this true for human? Scand J Immunol 1997;46:546\u201352.","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0910165","article-title":"Characterization of intraepithelial lymphocytes in human endometrium","volume":"91","author":"Pace, D.; Longfellow, M.; Bulmer, J.N.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pace D, Longfellow M, Bulmer JN. Characterization of intraepithelial lymphocytes in human endometrium. J Reprod Fertil 1991;91:165\u201374.","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.10.4427-4429.1992","article-title":"EVect of gamma interferon on resolution of murine chlamydial infection","volume":"60","author":"Rank, R.G.; Ramsey, K.H.; Pack, E.A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rank RG, Ramsey KH, Pack EA, et al. EVect of gamma interferon on resolution of murine chlamydial infection. Infect Immun 1992;60:4427\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199605233342103","article-title":"Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection","volume":"334","author":"Scholes, D.; Stergachis, A.; Heidrich, F.E.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE, et al. Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1362\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Sexually Transmitted Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/sti.75.1.21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T08:52:15Z","timestamp":1684831935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/sti.75.1.21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sti.75.1.21","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-4973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-4973","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]}}}