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This study examined the association between these three events and smoking behaviour changes using 6-month follow-up data from before and during the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using longitudinal data from an internet survey conducted in February 2020 (baseline) and follow-up in August to September 2020, prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for smoking behaviour changes (increase and quit) were calculated using multivariable Poisson regression with adjustments for potential covariates including three event-related five factors: fear of COVID-19, living in a COVID-19 endemic area, workplace smoking rules, self-imposed smoking rules at home and type of tobacco use (cigarette only\/HTP only\/dual use). A smoker who reported an increase in smoking intensity in the last month was defined as an increase. A smoker who had stopped both cigarettes and HTPs at follow-up was defined as a quit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed 1810 tobacco users (1448 males (80%); mean age 50.8 years\u00b113.2\u2009SD). At baseline, 930 participants used cigarettes only, 293 HTPs only and 587 both. While 214 (11.8%) users increased smoking intensity, 259 (14.3%) quit both tobacco products. Those who feared COVID-19 were less likely to quit (PR=0.77, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.95), while living in a COVID-19 endemic area was not associated with either smoking behaviour change. Workplace smoking rules were not associated with either smoking behaviour change, but those with no home smoking ban were less likely to quit. Compared with cigarette-only users, HTP-only users were more likely to quit (PR=1.57, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.11), while dual users were more likely to increase smoking intensity (PR=1.35, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.79).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the pandemic, dual cigarette and HTP use increased smoking intensity, whereas HTP-only use was associated with quitting but fear of COVID-19 and not having a home smoking ban made it harder to quit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2022-057353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T13:29:57Z","timestamp":1662557397000},"page":"287-294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Factors associated with smoking behaviour changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: a 6-month follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3329-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takafumi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazem","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7355-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makiko","family":"Kanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuji","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Tabuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1500-7","article-title":"Impact of social isolation due to Covid-19 on health in older people","volume":"24","author":"Sepulveda Loyola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr Heal Aging"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112915","article-title":"The emotional impact of coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new coronavirus disease)","volume":"287","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/IJE\/DYAA159"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/125580"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114164","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 scale\u2014associations of its scores with health literacy and health-related behaviors among medical students","volume":"17","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20200533","article-title":"Changes in smoking behavior since the Declaration of the COVID-19 state of emergency in Japan: a cross-sectional study from the Osaka health APP","volume":"31","author":"Koyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155368","article-title":"Tobacco quit intentions and behaviors among cigar smokers in the United States in response to covid-19","volume":"17","author":"Kowitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061657"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa082"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26389","article-title":"The effect of smoking on COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Reddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-020-00880-2","article-title":"The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on smoking cessation success","volume":"46","author":"Kayhan Tetik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.12","unstructured":"Control H for C-19 ID . Basic policy on countermeasures to combat COVID-19 infections (in Japanese), 2020. Available: http:\/\/www.kantei.go.jp\/jp\/singi\/novel_coronavirus\/th_siryou\/kihon_r_030226.pdf [Accessed 07 Jun 2022]."},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249382","article-title":"The psychological impact of \u2018mild lockdown\u2019 in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide survey under a declared state of emergency","volume":"17","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2024051310565651000_33.3.287.14","unstructured":"Ministry of Health L and W . Outline of the act on the partial revision of the health promotion act (NO. 78 of 2018), 2019. Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare. 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