{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:45:32Z","timestamp":1792035932511,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"Suppl 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago's Institute for Health Research and Policy"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015283","name":"Bloomberg Philanthropies","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cigarette use is one of the major risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with 41.1% of adults being current smokers in 2019 and almost half of current smokers using more than 20 cigarettes per day.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study applies the prevalence-based, cost-of-illness approach to estimate the annual economic cost of smoking in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study estimates that cigarette use by adults in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused between 24.4% and 42.8% of all deaths in 2019 and a total economic cost of between \u20ac367.5 and \u20ac635.1\u2009million (2.0%\u20133.5%\u2009of gross domestic product). The direct costs represent the largest share of the total cost (between 1.0% and 1.7% of gross domestic product).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cigarette use imposes a significant health and economic burden in the society of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Various tobacco control measures can be implemented to prevent and reduce tobacco consumption and the negative health consequences of tobacco use. Numerous studies have shown taxes on tobacco products are very effective in reducing tobacco use, especially among certain demographic groups, such as youth and low-income individuals. Smoke-free laws have also shown benefits. Other policy measures that can be implemented include restrictions to advertising, limitations on who can purchase tobacco products, how and where they can be purchased, etc. In addition, governments could also implement various education programmes on the negative health consequences of smoking. The results of this study provide information that calls for prompt and strengthened implementation of tobacco control measures to reduce cigarette consumption in the country and improve the health outcomes and productivity of its inhabitants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2022-057722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T18:21:15Z","timestamp":1673029275000},"page":"95-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Economic cost of cigarette smoking in Bosnia and Herzegovina"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Dragan","family":"Gligori\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Preradovi\u0107 Kulovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2879-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljubisa","family":"Micic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violeta","family":"Vulovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024070202402332000_33.Suppl_2.95.1","unstructured":"Commar A (WHO Jenewa), Prasad V (WHO Jenewa), ET d\u2019Espaignet (Universitas N, Australia) . 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