{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T19:07:52Z","timestamp":1788376072185,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"Suppl 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015283","name":"Bloomberg Philanthropies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago\u2019s Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tobacco is one of the world\u2019s largest preventable causes of premature death, accounting for more than 8 million deaths and costing the global economy US$1.4 trillion each year. Smoking is a global problem with 1.3 billion people using tobacco worldwide, who will face harmful effects on health and on people\u2019s current and future financial situations and quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article aims to be the first study to generate evidence on the effects of smoking on household expenditure and the number of people living under the poverty threshold by studying the crowding out and impoverishing effect in Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Through econometric methods and maximising a household utility function we estimate the crowding out and impoverishing effect of tobacco consumption in M\u00e9xico based on household's income and spending survey from 2020.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Spending on tobacco crowds out household spending on other goods and services. In Mexico, spending on tobacco results in decreased spending on essential goods and services, like education and healthcare, and increased spending on harmful goods such as alcoholic beverages. These effects are common across all income levels but are more pronounced in low-income households. When spending on tobacco increases, for example, following regular price increases made by the tobacco industry, the crowding out effect is exacerbated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In addition, smoking has an impoverishing effect on the population. This is because some families find that their remaining income level falls below the poverty line after deducting money spent on tobacco (a concept known as secondary poverty). In Mexico, 909\u2009132 people are left with a disposable income level below the extreme poverty line because of expenditure on tobacco and smoking-related diseases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Smoking affects individual health and the finances of households in Mexico, particularly those of low-income people. By increasing tobacco taxes, those who quit smoking increase their quality of life and well-being. However, those who continue to smoke and increase their tobacco spending are affected by a shift in their spending on other goods and services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The increase in tobacco taxes must be accompanied by public policies that help reduce tobacco consumption and compensate the crowding out on goods and services relevant to the development of households.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2022-057791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T13:21:13Z","timestamp":1691760073000},"page":"s68-s74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Crowding out and impoverishing effect of tobacco in Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8004-5142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Mac\u00edas S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica y Presupuestaria, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Garc\u00eda G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica y Presupuestaria, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Report on global tobacco epidemic. 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240032095"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.2","unstructured":"Strategies V . Report: global tobacco users at 1.3 billion; smoking among young teens ages 13-15 increases in 63 countries. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.vitalstrategies.org\/tobacco-atlas-global-tobacco-users-at-1-3-billion-smoking-among-young-teens-ages-13-15-increases-in-63-countries\/"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205120","article-title":"The crowding-out effect of tobacco expenditure on household spending patterns in Bangladesh","volume":"13","author":"Husain","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2019-055307"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.5","unstructured":"John R , Chelwa G , Vulovic V , et al . Using household expenditure surveys for research in the economics of tobacco control. A tobacconomics toolkit. Chicago: Tobacconomics, 2019."},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.6","unstructured":"INEGI . Encuesta de Ingresos Y Gasto de Los Hogares 2020. Red Nacional de meta Datos. Disponible en. 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/rnm\/index.php\/catalog\/685\/study-description"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2423-9","article-title":"Tobacco use and household expenditures on food, education, and Healthcare in low- and middle-income countries: a multilevel analysis","volume":"15","author":"Do","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-053857"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.040089"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.10","unstructured":"Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial de la Salud . Compendio de Indicadores, S.L.: S.N; 2015."},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.11","unstructured":"Tobacconomics . Costos Econ\u00f3micos del Consumo. 2019. Available: https:\/\/tobacconomics.org\/uploads\/misc\/2019\/10\/UIC_Economic-Costs-ofTobacco-Use-Policy-Brief_ES_v1.2-1-2.pdf"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.12","unstructured":"Gallego JM , Paraje G , Rodr\u00edguez-Lesmes P . Inequality of the crowding-out effect of tobacco expenditure in Colombia. Universidad del Rosario; 2022. Available: https:\/\/repository.urosario.edu.co\/items\/43e3f57b-6105-40d6-b2ed-cc2fa7983a05"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maldonado N , Llorente B , Reynales-Shigematsu LM , et al . Tobacco taxes as the unsung hero: impact of a tax increase on advancing sustainable development in Colombia. Int J Public Health 2022;67. doi:10.3389\/ijph.2022.1604353","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1604353"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.10.3.212"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.15","unstructured":"Wooldridge JM . Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. The MIT Press, 2010: 196."},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.16","unstructured":"CIEP . An\u00e1lisis costo-beneficio del consumo de tabaco en M\u00e9xico. 2019. Available: https:\/\/ciep.mx\/analisis-de-costo-beneficio-del-consumo-de-tabaco-en-mexico\/"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.17","unstructured":"Palacios A , Reynales-Shigematsu L . La importancia de aumentar los impuestos al tabaco en M\u00e9xico. Buenos Aires, Argentina: s.n, 2020."},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.18","unstructured":"INEGI . Presentaci\u00f3n de Resultados. 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/programas\/enigh\/nc\/2020\/doc\/enigh2020_ns_presentacion_resultados.pdf"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.19","unstructured":"CONEVAL . Medici\u00f3n de la Pobreza. 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.coneval.org.mx\/Medicion\/Paginas\/PobrezaInicio.aspx"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.20","unstructured":"CIEP . Recaudaci\u00f3n de impuestos al tabaco y gasto en salud en m\u00e9xico. 2020. Available: https:\/\/ciep.mx\/recaudacion-de-impuestos-al-tabaco-y-gasto-en-salud-en-mexico\/"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s43546-021-00141-x","article-title":"The impact of tobacco tax reforms on poverty in Mexico","volume":"1","author":"Huesca","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Bus Econ"},{"key":"2025081303165615000_33.Suppl_2.s68.22","unstructured":"Plassot T , Rubio G , Soloaga I . Movilidad social intergeneracional Y desigualdad de oportunidades en M\u00e9xico. educaci\u00f3n Y activos: UN enfoque territorial. documento de trabajo CEEY no. 07\/2019. disponible en. 2019. Available: https:\/\/ceey.org.mx\/movilidad-social-intergeneracional-y-desigualdad-de-oportunidades-en-mexico-educacion-y-activos-un-enfoque-territorial\/"}],"container-title":["Tobacco Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/syndication\/doi\/10.1136\/tc-2022-057791","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/tc-2022-057791","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T10:18:02Z","timestamp":1755080282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/tc-2022-057791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/tc-2022-057791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc-2022-057791","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-4563","1468-3318"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-4563","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3318","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]}}}