{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:11:48Z","timestamp":1790230308518,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01DA051001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA051001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Widespread misperceptions of the health risks of nicotine could undermine the public health benefits of the Food and Drug Administration\u2019s actions, including modified risk tobacco product authorisations and a reduced nicotine product standard for cigarettes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>794 US adults (aged 18+) in NORC\u2019s AmeriSpeak panel participated in a randomised controlled trial in Spring 2021 to test the effect of three exposures to eight nicotine corrective messages (NCM) on beliefs about nicotine, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), e-cigarettes and reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes at 3-month follow-up. Analyses conducted in 2022 examined the effect of study condition (NCM (n=393) vs no message control (n=401)) on nicotine beliefs, use intentions and use of nicotine and tobacco products.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Exposure to three NCM doses reduced nicotine (b=\u22120.33; 95% CI \u22120.60, \u20130.07), NRT (b=\u22120.49; 95% CI \u22120.85, \u20130.14), e-cigarette (b=\u22120.32; 95% CI \u22120.59, \u20130.05) and RNC cigarette false beliefs (b=\u22120.64; 95% CI \u22121.26, \u20130.02) compared with the control, controlling for baseline beliefs. Baseline tobacco use and concern about nicotine addiction attenuated intervention effects on false beliefs about RNC cigarettes. There were few intervention effects on intention or use of nicotine and tobacco products.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Repeated exposure to NCM was necessary to reduce false beliefs about nicotine and tobacco products. Future studies will improve understanding of the dose and duration of nicotine education needed to shift intentions and behaviour, as well as tailored content for tobacco product users to achieve similar reductions in false beliefs as non-users.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT04805515\">NCT04805515<\/jats:ext-link>\n.\n<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2023-058252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T18:23:23Z","timestamp":1700591003000},"page":"162-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of nicotine corrective messaging on nicotine-related beliefs in US adults: a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"34","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04805515","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04805515","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3104-966X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea C","family":"Villanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Peasley-Miklus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Mercincavage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6605-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren","family":"Mays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric C","family":"Donny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph N","family":"Cappella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew A","family":"Strasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration . 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FDA announces plans for proposed rule to reduce addictiveness of cigarettes and other combusted tobacco products. 2022 Available: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-announces-plans-proposed-rule-reduce-addictiveness-cigarettes-and-other-combusted-tobacco"},{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.12.048","article-title":"U.S. adults' addiction and harm beliefs about nicotine and low nicotine cigarettes","volume":"96","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-054124"},{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.06.009","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of nicotine and nicotine product perceptions in U.S. young adults, 2016","volume":"98","author":"Villanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06172-8","article-title":"Nicotine risk Misperception among US physicians","volume":"36","author":"Steinberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac245","article-title":"Disparities in nicotine Addictiveness and cancer harm perceptions among U.S. adults: A trend analysis using the health information national trends survey","volume":"25","author":"Peterson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000321","article-title":"Unpacking Smokers' beliefs about addiction and nicotine: A qualitative study","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12829","article-title":"Smokers' risk perceptions and Misperceptions of cigarettes, E-cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapies","volume":"37","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.05.015","article-title":"Impact of brief nicotine Messaging on nicotine-related beliefs in a U.S. sample","volume":"57","author":"Villanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000497","article-title":"Effect of brief nicotine corrective Messaging on nicotine beliefs in persons who use opioids","volume":"30","author":"Parker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2020-056312"},{"key":"2025040103450582000_34.2.162.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15634","article-title":"Addicted to smoking or addicted to nicotine? 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