{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T20:20:22Z","timestamp":1770150022626,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031401","name":"UK Prevention Research Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/S037519\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S037519\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRCRPG-Nov21\\100002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRCRPG-Nov21\\100002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The value that might be added to local economies each year through the money that people who smoke tobacco would save if everyone quit smoking is called the \u2018smoke-free dividend\u2019. This study aimed to estimate the value of the smoke-free dividend across local areas in England, and how it relates to the average income in those areas.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study was a cross-sectional descriptive analysis of tobacco expenditure from the Smoking Toolkit Study (STS) matched to income and smoking prevalence data for English local authorities. The STS sample was from 2014 to 2020 and comprised 18\u2009721 adults who smoke cigarettes. Self-reported expenditure estimates from the STS were adjusted for under-reporting. This adjustment aimed to align the total expenditure estimate with figures derived from government tax receipts and national estimates of illicit tobacco use. The smoke-free dividend is calculated as 93% of spending on legal tobacco, which is the percentage estimated to leave the local economy, plus 100% of spending on illicit tobacco.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The total dividend in England is estimated to be \u00a310.9 billion each year, which equates to \u00a31776 per person who smokes or \u00a3246 per adult regardless of smoking status. The estimated dividend is greater in areas with lower average income, with a correlation coefficient of \u22120.521 (95% CI \u22120.629, \u20130.392) between the average income of local areas and the dividend per adult.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study has estimated that local economies could gain a substantial dividend if everybody stopped smoking, which is larger in lower income areas, meaning that geographical economic inequalities could be reduced.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2023-058264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T15:35:12Z","timestamp":1710948912000},"page":"452-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Potential smoke-free dividend across local areas in England: a cross-sectional analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Damon","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Addictions Research Group, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"},{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3450-5747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Addictions Research Group, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"},{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin J","family":"Dockrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium, UK"},{"name":"Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium, UK"},{"name":"Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2797-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium, UK"},{"name":"Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9560-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tessa Elisabeth","family":"Langley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium, UK"},{"name":"Nottingham Centre for Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081302265081000_34.4.452.1","unstructured":"Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians . 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