{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T05:24:26Z","timestamp":1794374666225,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005596","name":"Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004802","name":"California Breast Cancer Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B27NN42363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B27NN42363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research","award":["K08DE028947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08DE028947"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004a2wv92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Samuel Lawrence Foundation","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qzp5f03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over the last 35 years, there has been growing evidence suggesting a relationship between tobacco use and breast cancer. The tobacco industry\u2019s role in shaping research, policy and public opinion about the relationship is unknown. This study\u2019s objective is to determine if the tobacco industry-funded Council for Tobacco Research (CTR) Records and the Tobacco Institute (TI) Records, housed in the Truth Tobacco Industry Document Archive, contain documents related to internal research about breast cancer and strategies to influence the science and public opinion about breast cancer causes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We applied the situational scoping method, in which community advocates and university researchers collaborate, to (1) identify external events considered by CTR or TI as a threat or opportunity to business interests; (2) select events for further analysis and (3) conduct social worlds\/arenas mapping of industry responses to selected events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CTR and TI Records contained 19\u2009719 documents with the search term \u2018breast cancer\u2019 ranging from the 1950s to 1998. We analysed nine events relevant to the aim of this research. CTR and TI responded to external threats, pointing out methodological problems in studies they perceived as threatening, or characterising lung cancer as misdiagnosed or metastasised breast cancer. They responded to external opportunities with promoting and funding research focusing on smoking\u2019s \u2018protective effects\u2019 over breast cancer, and breast cancer\u2019s genetic, hormonal and dietary causes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CTR and TI Records are a rich source of documents related to tobacco industry efforts to influence breast cancer research, policy and public opinion away from any aetiologic relationship between tobacco use and breast cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2024-058724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T13:20:45Z","timestamp":1745414445000},"page":"517-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tobacco industry influence on breast cancer research, policy and public opinion: scoping the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3443-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6219-298X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA"},{"name":"Ozmen Institute for Global Studies, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6166-9347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8922-9939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huma","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7174-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Hiatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6885-2304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristin","family":"Kearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences and Philip R. 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Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/zjbk0067 [accessed 18 Dec 2023]"},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.84","unstructured":"Lynch H . Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; Call from Rose Kushner, 1984. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/nsyl0215 [Accessed 18 Dec 2023]."},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.85","unstructured":"Albano F . Memoradum; Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1980. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/kryl0215 [accessed 18 Dec 2023]"},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.86","unstructured":"Lynch H . Unknown. Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1984. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#znyl0215 [accessed 18 Dec 2023]"},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.87","unstructured":"Lynch H . Meetings with and letter from Leonard Zahn regarding our institute. 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Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/nqdc0070 [accessed 18 Dec 2023]"},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.91","unstructured":"Osawa Y . Application for research grant aromatase inhibitors in cigarette smoke and tobacco. Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1983. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/rnyw0075 [Accessed 20 May 2023]."},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.92","unstructured":"Oppermann KR , Sirbasku DA , CTR . Application for research grant estrogen-responsive and autonomous human breast cancer growth. Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1987. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/sgld0078"},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.93","unstructured":"Sirbasku DA , Kleasner KF , CTR . Application for renewal of research grant estrogen-responsive and autonomous human breast cancer growth. Council for Tobacco Research Records;Master Settlement Agreement; 1988. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/phld0078 [Accessed 20 May 2023]."},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.94","unstructured":"Bradlow H , Michnovicz J , Nichols R . Application for renewal of research grant estrogen metabolism in relation to cancer risk. Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1987. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/xkmw0078 [Accessed 20 May 2023]."},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.95","unstructured":"Bradlow HL , Michnovicz JJ , Nichols RW . Application for renewal of research grant estrogen metabolism in relation to cancer risk. Council for Tobacco Research Records; 1988. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/mlmw0078 [accessed 20 May 2023]"},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.96","unstructured":"Fanning TG . Research grant application function of line 1 retrotransposons in human breast cancer. Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1992. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/gpjb0078 [Accessed 20 May 2023]."},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.97","unstructured":"Finlay TH . Competing renewal application proteases, protease inhibitors and growth factors in breast cancer. Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1993. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/ksml0080 [Accessed 18 Dec 2023]."},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.98","unstructured":"Stevens VL . Research grant application mechanism of release of gpi-anchored proteins from breast cancer cells. Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1994. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/nghn0079 [Accessed 18 Dec 2023]."},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.99","unstructured":"Samuels HH . Research grant application growth suppression of breast tumor cells by retinoids. Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1994. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/sgmn0079 [Accessed 18 Dec 2023]."},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.100","unstructured":"Stevens JL . Research grant application calcium and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1995. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/kymj0104 [Accessed 18 Dec 2023]."},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.101","unstructured":"Friend SH , Isselbacher KJ , CTR . Application for research grant tumor suppressor genes, tumor formation and development. Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1990. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/fzwp0077 [Accessed 18 Dec 2023]."},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.102","unstructured":"Miller NS , CTR . Research grant application interactions between c-Src and HER family members in human breast tumors. Council for Tobacco Research Records; 1996. Available: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/mqvx0090 [Accessed 18 Dec 2023]."},{"key":"2026102203551080000_35.4.517.103","unstructured":"Ward KA , Xiao JZ . Research grant application role of cyclin d1 and rb-mdm2 in breast cancer. Council for Tobacco Research Records; Master Settlement Agreement; 1997. 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