{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:05:48Z","timestamp":1793675148380,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study explored the association between food insecurity and tobacco product use and urine cotinine-measured smoking intensity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 13\u2009705 adults representative of the Korean population. The 18-item Household Food Security Survey Module was administered to the primary food managers in households with the scores applied to household members. The use of three tobacco products\u2014combustible cigarettes, heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes)\u2014was assessed. Based on the urine cotinine level, the smoking status of each participant was classified into one of three groups: non-smoker, low-intensity smoker and high-intensity smoker. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between food insecurity and tobacco product use and urine cotinine-measured smoking intensity. ORs and 95% CIs were estimated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the survey participants, 3.2% had mild food insecurity and 0.7% had moderate-to-severe food insecurity. Those with mild food insecurity (23.5%, OR: 1.38, 95%\u2009CI: 1.01 to 1.89) and those with moderate-to-severe food insecurity (45.1%, OR: 3.36, 95%\u2009CI: 1.87 to 6.03) compared with those with non-food insecurity (18.4%) were positively associated with combustible cigarette use. Those with moderate-to-severe food insecurity was positively associated with e-cigarette use (5.5%, OR: 3.49, 95%\u2009CI: 1.31 to 9.28). Compared with those with non-food security (7.9%), those with mild food insecurity (14.3%, OR: 1.61, 95%\u2009CI: 1.09 to 2.38) and moderate-to-severe food insecurity (22.1%, OR: 2.25, 95%\u2009CI: 1.04 to 4.86) were associated with high-intensity smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food insecurity is associated with both combustible and e-cigarette use. Those with food insecurity are associated with engagement in high-intensity smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2024-058754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T01:35:25Z","timestamp":1729820125000},"page":"13-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of food insecurity with the use of tobacco products and urine cotinine-measured smoking intensity: evidence from a population-based study in South Korea, 2019\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Seong-Uk","family":"Baek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"},{"name":"The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Uk","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"},{"name":"The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4198-2955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Ha","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010810501918000_35.1.13.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00220-0","article-title":"Food security and nutrition in the world","volume":"10","author":"Burki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026010810501918000_35.1.13.2","unstructured":"FAO . 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