{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T17:10:38Z","timestamp":1715706638715},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tob Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the prevalence and correlates of cigarette smoking among adults in high mountain rural areas of northern Pakistan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross sectional survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>PARTICIPANTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sample of 4203 adults (aged 18 years and over) were selected by stratified random sampling from 16 villages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self reported smoking prevalence; age of smoking initiation; daily cigarette consumption and association between current smoking and sociodemographic variables, use of snuff, wine, body mass index, blood pressure, family history of stroke, and hypertension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>614\/1406 men (43.7%) and 154\/2797 (5.5%) women reported smoking cigarettes. The age standardised prevalence of smoking was 40.5% for men and 6.3% for women. Men were more likely (odds ratio (OR) 6.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.75 to 8.79) to be smokers. Smokers were more likely to use snuff (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.73), drink wine (OR 3.47, 95% CI 2.81 to 4.29), and were more likely to work as farmers (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.29) or shopkeepers (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.67 to 4.14). Individuals with college level education and with desirable body mass index were less likely to smoke (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.87; OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.96).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cigarette smoking is a major public health problem in this high mountain community of Pakistan, particularly among the male population, the majority of whom begin to smoke quite early in life. A comprehensive tobacco control effort incorporated into the existing community based health infrastructure is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.10.1.e1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:38:40Z","timestamp":1027766320000},"page":"e1-e1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence and correlates of smoking on the roof of the world"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Syed MA","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George L","family":"Delclos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asif R","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051401390162000_10.1.e1.1","first-page":"1413","article-title":"Pakistan: attempts to control damage by tobacco smoking.","volume":"ii","author":"Ball","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024051401390162000_10.1.e1.2","first-page":"66","article-title":"Monitoring of harmful constituents of cigarettes and tobacco in Pakistan.","volume":"39","author":"Asghar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"2024051401390162000_10.1.e1.3","unstructured":"Anon (1993) Pakistan health education survey 1991\u00e2\u0080\u009392. 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